<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Castle of Illusion</title>
	<atom:link href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>château d'illusion: la face cachée du soleil</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 16:35:31 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<generator>http://wordpress.com/</generator>
	<language>en</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<cloud domain='sdicht.wordpress.com' port='80' path='/?rsscloud=notify' registerProcedure='' protocol='http-post' />
<image>
		<url>http://www.gravatar.com/blavatar/8c0378d813e5971936328f82f0b65a92?s=96&#038;d=http://s.wordpress.com/i/buttonw-com.png</url>
		<title>Castle of Illusion</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com</link>
	</image>
			<item>
		<title>Is the war over? Memory and obsession in J. G. Ballard’s autobiographical war narratives</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/is-the-war-over-memory-and-obsession-in-j-g-ballard%e2%80%99s-autobiographical-war-narratives/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/is-the-war-over-memory-and-obsession-in-j-g-ballard%e2%80%99s-autobiographical-war-narratives/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2009 16:35:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ballard]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[empire of the sun]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kindness of women]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[miracles of life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[the atrocity exhibition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[the dead time]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=304</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[J. G. Ballard’s autobiography Miracles of Life, published in 2007, finally confirmed what much of his fiction had been hinting at from quite some time: his childhood experiences in World War II have shaped deeply his imagination, and echoes of it are to be found everywhere in his fiction. Born in Shanghai to British parents [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=304&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>J. G. Ballard’s autobiography <em>Miracles of Life, </em>published in 2007, finally confirmed what much of his fiction had been hinting at from quite some time: his childhood experiences in World War II have shaped deeply his imagination, and echoes of it are to be found everywhere in his fiction. Born in Shanghai to British parents in 1930, Ballard and his family were sent to the Lunghua interment camp, a few miles south of Shanghai along with many other international occupants of the city in 1942, following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Ballard spent the next three years in the camp, until the end of the war. After coming to England with his family in 1946, Ballard began writing his first short stories in the genre of science fiction. It took him another twenty years to return to Lunghua in his fiction with the publication of “The Dead Time” in 1977, although his work had been from the start permeated with gloomy, catastrophic and war-like imagery.</p>
<p>Common to many of his semi-autobiographical texts is the sense of uncertainty experienced by Ballard’s fictional alter ego at the end of the war, the inability to return to the supposedly secure normalcy of peace. All of them narrate his leaving the camp into the no-man’s land between Lunghua and Shanghai, in doubt whether the war had ended or World War III had just begun, with many overlapping elements. Two of the stories, “The Dead Time” and <em>Empire of the Sun</em>, are fictions, told in the third person, with strong autobiographical elements. The latter is his most acclaimed and widely known book, which engaged his readers to identify the matrixes of many Ballardian icons, such as drained swimming pools and crashed planes, but at the same time holding a distance that denied autobiography as a key to his work. A sequel, <em>The Kindness of Women</em>, which Ballard calls “an autobiographical novel written with the full awareness of the fiction that that life generated during its three or four decades of adulthood”, is at the same time more autobiographical and more fictional, as Ballard’s life is put into the context of his fiction. The account in <em>Miracles of Life </em>is autobiographical and earnest, devoid of much of the “literariness” of the other texts. Ballard’s non-fiction work, however, had already prefigured much of this material. “The End of My War”, a piece published in the <em>Sunday Times</em> in 1995 and collected in <em>A User’s Guide to the Millennium</em> seems intent on differentiating <em>Empire</em>’s Jim and his author.</p>
<p>In some countries, especially those in which <em>Empire</em>, because of its success, was the first Ballard book to be available in translation, Ballard is seen primarily as a war novelist. Apart from the two semi-autobiographical novels and a few short stories,<a href="#_ftn1">[1]</a> his fiction does not deal with the subject directly, its imagery is pervasive. War in fiction is often seen as a set of circumstances, a special and heightened reality that is extreme, excessive, unreal and distorted. Paradoxically, experiences gathered during this period are not seen as fanciful or unreal: war traumas are interpreted as an overdose of reality, an experience able to communicate and generate insights about human existence impossible to be acquired during the times of peace. The veteran or the returned soldier is singled-out for his experience, incapable of fitting in, sporting the “thousand-yard stare” or scarred for having seen the horror at the heart of human nature<em>. </em>The unnatural, accelerated process of maturation produced by the extraordinary set of circumstances has an incredible effect on the minds of those who took part in it. In other words, war can be a crash course on the real world, as one experiences too much in too short a time. War stories in a sense are not about war but about reality. This reading of war stories is intrinsically subjective, attentive to phenomenological experience, and often the battleground is psychological rather than political or social. The point of view of a child, as it is the case of <em>Empire</em>, rather than an adult or even an active soldier in the conflict allows the narrative to be closer to this purely mental perspective. Unaware of the political implications, the child might be violently thrown into a situation in which he or she is not only passive, and even unequipped to understand.</p>
<p><strong>Empire of the Sun</strong></p>
<p><em>Empire </em>rests uneasily as a war <em>bildungsroman</em>, for Jim, the well-to-do child protagonist, is not shown to have matured at the end of the story, but rather shown as have grown old before his time, a subversion of the coming-of-age story. He becomes increasingly jaded and delusional, struggling to make sense of the confusing situation and his close contact to death. Ballard’s texts take place in the protagonist’s “inner space”, a phenomenological domain “where the inner world of the mind and the outer world of reality meet and fuse” (Ballard 2007a: 3). This ever-mutable zone does not commit to either exterior or interior space; it is an imaginative fusion of both. It is not wholly psychological since the outer world appears equally informed by the individual’s desires, and there is a constant slippage of one realm into the other. Even before the war, a synthesis between both spaces is present:</p>
<blockquote><p>At night the same silent films seemed to flicker against the wall of his bedroom in Amherst Avenue, and transformed his sleeping mind into a deserted newsreel theatre. During the winter of 1941 everyone in Shanghai was showing war films. Fragments of his dreams followed Jim around the city [...] The whole of Shanghai was turning into a newsreel leaking from inside his head. (2006: 11-14)</p></blockquote>
<p>Films feed his dreams, which in turn inform reality, a constant process of making reality ever more subjective. Jim’s consumption of images and icons from movies, magazines, posters and ads is mentioned by David Punter as the consumption of “implanted icons” and “discarded images”, the true “points of reference against which our action takes place” (1985: 10). Subjectivity is produced by these representations, and as Tamas Benyei argues, inner space is the end of intimacy as pure interiority as this reality is neither the external or the internal world, but a composite, a symptomatic product in which “there is a circulation of signifiers … traversing subjectivity as well, producing it and being produced by it” (Benyei 2000: 255). <em>Empire</em> is problematic as a subjective narrative because it admonishes both external reality and interiority. Freud’s proposition that dreams had to be analyzed for both their manifest and latent content, should be, according to Ballard, inverted in relation to the real world. This view allows the possibility of a system in which individuals are fully integrated into the social world, informing and being informed by a mesh of desire, memory, fantasy, and objects.</p>
<p>War in <em>Empire</em> is the disruption of this system, a removal of the boundaries between self and world. All is fine as long as the system described above does not interfere with one’s body. Ballard describes the war in many instances as the moment in which he realizes reality is nothing but a stage set (2008: 109), something that can be pulled off from one’s feet and completely change the rules from one moment to the other. Jim is thrown into a world of cognitive, social and existential estrangement, circled by “walls of strangeness” (2006: 50) a “peculiar space [that opens] around him, which separated him from the secure world he had known before the war” (Idem: 76). Benyei suggests that this estrangement is a necessary stage in his coming-of-age path, in which the old self makes way for the new, but somehow the transitional stage of death “does not seem to end”, which indicates that he is already on the other side, at home (Benyei 2000: 257). The stage of death not “wanting” to end is the critic’s way of describing the terrifying sense of uncertainty experienced in the final part of the novel. In it, Jim leaves Lunghua only to roam in the deserted paddy fields of the no-man’s land between the camp and Shanghai, and during this section he witnesses the deaths of some of his companions from camp. His mind reels as his body experiences extreme hunger and fatigue, and as even more boundaries are broken, the narrative becomes even more surreal. If going into the war prompted Jim’s mental and moral reeducation and abandonment of his lifestyle, he seems to have even more trouble in the transition between war and peace. In a sense, Jim’s coming-of-age during the years of war do not seem to have made him into a more mature human being, only a troubled one, a notion that is explored in <em>Kindness</em>. In <em>Empire</em> there is mention to a doubling of his self, a mirror self to which things happen, a mental construct that allows Jim to be buoyant: “It was his mirror self who felt faint and hungry” (2006: 103). Jim has adapted only too well to his life in Lunghua by learning how to internalize the distance it once had been physical from others, from violence, misery and death. His adaptability, Andrzej Gasiorek writes, comes at a heavy price:</p>
<blockquote><p>It depends on the power of a saving imagination, which enables him to fill his mind with evasive dreams, but it relies on a numbing of affect, which permits him to accept the inverted values of camp life as normal. (2005: 147)<em> </em></p></blockquote>
<p>When a Chinese coolie is brought to the center of the camp and is beaten to death, Jim is more preoccupied with reading one of his magazines and studying: “He would have liked to leave but all around him the prisoners were motionless as they watched the parade ground … Jim thought about his algebra prep” (2006: 255).<em> </em>His reaction is one of complete disconnect and denotes his inability to respond emotionally to an act of murder, a distancing stance that the war had thought him in order to protect himself, but one he cannot seem to negotiate. The image of a Chinese peasant being tortured to death by Japanese soldiers is a recurring one, told in <em>Kindness </em>and <em>Miracles </em>as part of his walk back to Shanghai, taking place a railway station and requiring of the character to ignore the act of violence, numbing his affect. Jim’s obsession with death begins soon after this event, questioning many adults as to the existence of the soul and the moment it might leave the body, clearly an attempt to have some sort of security in one area pertaining to death. At one point, Jim wonders if “perhaps his soul, instead of leaving his body, had died inside his head” (Ballard 2006: 273). After seeing the white light of the atomic bomb at the Olympic Stadium, during the march up-country Jim imagines the white light as “a premonition of his death, the sight of his small soul joining the larger soul of the dying world” (Idem: 267), which indicates his vision of death as an end not only to suffering, but of subjectivity.</p>
<p>Perhaps it is precisely this disconnect between two halves of his own self that troubles Jim so. One is the helpless boy from Shanghai, which cries for his parents, while the other is the cynical boy whose soul had perhaps died inside his own body, and who would even not recognize his own parents if he saw them. “The war had lasted for too long. At the detention centre, and in Lunghua, he had done all he could to stay alive, but now a part of him wanted to die. It was the only way in which he could end the war” (Idem: 266). The white light of the atom bomb might signify a welcome end to his overloaded mind and his subjectivity, as the bomb takes a while to be interpreted as such by Jim. At first he thinks the sun blinked, and only after consulting with someone else is that he understands that it was a weapon designed to end the war. What Jim experiences is not the end, but rather the start of a new interstitial stage, unbounded by neither the rules of peace or war; a stage he imagines must be World War III, one marked by the atomic fallout &#8212; a fictional space in which all of Ballard’s fiction takes place, in a sense. The bomb presents also a significant blow to Jim’s psyche as it does not fit into the images that populated his imagination fed from magazines, movies and newsreels and which he expected, such as airplanes, soldiers, tanks and ships. The atom bomb and its unclassifiable, uncanny white light remains outside Jim’s semiotic frame of reference, outside his vocabulary. The central struggle of the book, suggests Gasiorek, is between Jim’s comprehension of the events and his attempt to discover a vocabulary adequate to his experiences (2005: 150). Ballard is aware of that, and the text possesses a Bakhtinian double-voiced discourse, defined by Simon Dentith as one in which the reader can recognize that there are two distinct consciousnesses operating in a single utterance, and that their evaluative attitudes are not the same (2000: 64). Jim is often portrayed in situations that, because of his innocence and overactive imagination, he is shown to be much more adaptable and buoyant than the older and more mature characters.</p>
<p>Death, during the final stages of the war, is pervasive in Jim’s life, and he becomes increasingly delirious during his long walk to Shanghai. Eventually he is brought back to camp, now dominated by British bandits and is later picked up by Dr. Ransome, one of the inmates at Lunghua, and taken to a hospital in Shanghai. Unlike in <em>Kindness </em>and <em>Miracles</em>, he does not complete the journey to his home. At one point, however, Jim has become so disconnected from reality that he is certain that food “feeds death”, and when he encounters the body of a young kamikaze pilot (whom before he had identified with), he tries, unsuccessfully, to resuscitate him. The food in his mouth seems alive and writhing, and the living began to resemble the dead. The attempted resuscitation of the pilot, rendered in Steven Spielberg’s film of <em>Empire</em>, underscores Jim’s double self as he is shown trying to resuscitate his younger self, still wearing his old Catholic school uniform. Jim’s mental state then is severely perturbed, showing signs of schizophrenia and psychosis. The idea of the dead feeding off the living, a notion that accentuates the overpowering force of death, is also present in “The Dead Time”.</p>
<p><strong>“The Dead Time”</strong></p>
<p>The unnamed protagonist of this 1977 short story<a href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> is a twenty-year old inmate of a Japanese camp outside Shanghai during the final weeks of World War II. He is older than any of the protagonists of the other narratives, probably because the major plot point involves he and a couple of other inmates having to transport, in a couple of trucks, dead bodies to a cemetery in Soochow, north of Shanghai. Taking place after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and during the “dead time” before peace, they are to be released as long as they deliver the bodies to the cemetery.</p>
<blockquote><p>Stretched out on the frayed grass were some fifty corpses, laid out in neat rows as if arranged with great care and devotion. All were fully dressed and lay with their feet towards us, arms at their sides, and I could see from the bright pallor on their faces that these people, whoever they were, had only recently died. (1984: 147)</p></blockquote>
<p>This task requires an act of numbing of affect, something that Ballard associates with this period shortly after the war. Despite the initial surprise, they engage in the task at hand and load the corpses into the truck.<a href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> The corpses, the narrator notices, are much better fed than he and any of his mates were, and on their bodies there were no signs of violence, which for him could well mean an epidemic, but this detail adds to the oneiric atmosphere of the story, in which the corpses might well be an allegory for ordinary people, people who have not been imprisoned in these concentration camps. A distance is put between the narrator and the bodies, as if handling them was “a kind of forced intimacy that absolved [him] from all future contact or obligation” (Idem: 150). Moreover, there is an uncertainty towards these bodies, one that is echoed in <em>Empire: </em>when do they stop being human beings and become objects? Do they ever? When one of the truck fails, the characters are required to lighten the load and so they dump some of the bodies in a body of water, rationalizing that the Japanese could not have been serious and thinking only of his reencounter with his parents and about food. Some time later the bodies have clogged up a passage, and the protagonist is surprised to recognize each of them, a “presentiment of death &#8212; though not [his] own or of these drowned creatures” (Idem: 154) takes over him. As the bodies are retrieved and handled even more, he sees for the first time a “distinct personality” in the face of one of them, a woman, “visualizing her talking” to him. The more the bodies are handled, the harder it gets to relate to them as mere objects, a rather paradoxical view since their appearance worsens with time. In fact, the protagonist starts to see it as a mission, and guards the completeness of his truck’s bodies calling it his “flock” and removing the ones mistakenly taken from his companion Hodson’s truck, seen as “intruders, … members of a rival clan” (Idem: 157). Clearly he has begun to create meaning even in death, a certain sense of security, “loyalty” and “the feeling that they, the dead, were more living than the living who had deserted [him]” (Idem: 158). Like Jim, he is delirious from hunger and imagines he is “the instrument of the new order … delegated by [the dead] to bring to the world,” and soon the whole planet would “share in the new life they had earned for us” (Idem: 161). Food is suddenly no longer important, only a spiritual form of nourishing that only death can provide.</p>
<p>This notion of repopulating the world with cadavers,<a href="#_ftn4">[4]</a> can be seen as a metaphor for the post-war world in the shadow of the atomic fallout. Dominika Oramus writes that contemporary reality in Ballard’s fiction is post-apocalyptic, “though we are not literally living amidst the ruins, the golden age is far behind us and we are witnessing the twilight of the West” (Oramus 2007). It is a world in the shadow of the irreconcilable recognition of the human propensity for self-destruction, in which total annihilation is possible. To grasp it, the logic of the dead, the allure of the inorganic and inhuman, as well as the Freudian death-drive, must be understood. It is also a way of embracing the inevitability of death, so close to the protagonists of <em>Empire</em> and “The Dead Time”. The idea that the dead could take over the world conceptually is a way of deflecting their own mortality, a mental distortion that effaces subjectivity, and like the bomb, brings about “total fusion and non-differentiation of all matter” (Ballard 2007b: 48), a comforting thought that eliminates guilt and the anxiety of these strained situations. Death and the lack of subjectivity would be the ultimate relief, a resolution to this uncertain and unstable “dead time.” Carrying a starving Chinese girl in his arms, the protagonist, without thinking, gives her a morsel of his own flesh for her to eat. Instead of letting her die on her own, he leads her, with an Eucharist of his own body, into his flock, harnessing the power of the dead to move into a mental domain that transcends it: “At last, through this child and my body, the dead were coming to life, rising from their fields and doorways and coming to greet me … I had given my death to them and so brought them into this world” (Ballard 1984: 163). This happens as they arrive at the Soochow camp where his parents are supposed to be, and it raises the question whether this is all a preparation, a mental delusion for the recognition of the bodies of his own parents, this being a way for him to be reunited with them. Only then is that he is able to say, “I knew now that the war was over” (Idem: 163).</p>
<p><strong><em>The Atrocity Exhibition</em></strong></p>
<p>The first appearance of Shanghai or a more overt autobiographical bent in Ballard’s fiction dates to 1966, with the story “The Atrocity Exhibition”.<a href="#_ftn5">[5]</a> In the texts that comprise <em>The Atrocity Exhibition</em>, Ballard’s fictional stand-in is the Traven character (who recurs as Tallis, Travis, Talbot, and Trabert), a man suffering from severe psychological fragmentation, a symptom that the stories mirror in their structure and narrative. In the 1966 story, Travis listens to “secret transmissions” from an unspecified place, one of which recalls Shanghai in 1945:</p>
<blockquote><p>V.J.-Day<a href="#_ftn6">[6]</a>, the bodies of Japanese troops in the paddy fields at night. The next day, as he walked back to Shanghai, the peasants were planting rice among the swaying legs. Memories of others than himself, together these messages moved to some kind of focus. (2007b: 5)</p></blockquote>
<p><em>Atrocity</em> is one of Ballard’s most complex texts, a collection of interrelated short stories or “condensed novels”; a collage, a narrative woven out of found texts, the reinterpretation of reality in terms of the reconfiguration of central elements in order to evoke an inversion of the inner and outer world. Gasiorek describes it as a text that works by way of “suggestions, resonances, echoes” (2005: 59) and is almost an index of Ballardian icons, themes, and concerns. Traven, haunted by his wartime experiences and by the death of his wife, is on a quest for meaning.<a href="#_ftn7">[7]</a> The war, for Traven had become</p>
<blockquote><p>an expression of the failure of his psyche to accept the fact of its own consciousness, and of his revolt against the present continuum of time and space. … [H]is intention is to start World War III, though not, of course, in the usual sense of the term. The blitzkriegs will be fought out on the spinal battlefields, in terms of the postures we assume, of our traumas mimetized in the angle of a wall or balcony. (Ballard 2007b: 6)</p></blockquote>
<p>He believes that by enacting certain bizarre experiments they will reconfigure the relation between self and world, embodying a sort of “secularized apocalyptic ur-Christ<a href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> figure who seeks to redeem the world” (Gasiorek 2005: 60). In a sense, Ballard and his characters are traumatized by the war, and the act of writing, as well as Traven’s experiments, is a therapeutic attempt to exorcize these ghosts. More radically, it is an attempt to reconfigure and reinterpret the world according to their own needs, revealing that their selves are unflinching, as it is the world that must be rewritten in their own fashion.</p>
<p>This confusion between self and world is one later raised in<em> Kindness</em>: to what extent is <em>Atrocity</em> an accurate cultural diagnosis rather than purely subjective projections? <em>Kindness</em> implies that the latter is a more accurate view, as Peggy, Jim’s friend from the camp points out to him: “the Vietnam war, the Kennedy assassination, the Congo, those ghastly <em>ratissages</em> … might have been invented for you” (Ballard 1990: 289), while he concedes that in “many ways the media landscape of the 1960s was a laboratory designed specifically to cure me of all my obsessions” (Idem: 190). In the end, Jim’s concern, apparent in <em>Empire</em>, of the end of subjectivity and integration into the landscape, a fusion with other real and cultural bodies, is effected to the point that the character’s psyche, and the meaning of Ballard’s fiction is thrown into an interstitial zone. The question of whether Traven is a doctor or a patient is raised in the text of <em>Atrocity</em>, which can be also asked in the case of Ballard. Is he a doctor, appropriately diagnosing the malaises of our culture and society, or is he a patient, only working out through his own traumatic experiences?</p>
<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<p><strong><em>The Kindness of Women</em></strong><strong> and <em>Miracles of Life</em></strong></p>
<p>The sequel to <em>Empire</em> has been sometimes described as a collection of interconnected, sequential short stories, since every chapter deals with one stage of the protagonist’s life and is self-contained. The third chapter, “The Japanese Soldiers”, goes back to the moment of uncertainty, previously written about in <em>Empire</em> and “The Dead Time,” when the guards at Lunghua disappear. “By leaving the camp I had stepped outside my own head. Had the atom bombs in some way split the sky and reversed the direction of everything?” (Idem: 46), he wonders, eventually deciding to walk the eight miles back to Shanghai. This portion of the narrative resembles little that of <em>Empire</em>, with this Jim narrating it clearly and soberly, a contrast from the delirious experiences of the former book. On a railway station, he sees four Japanese soldiers, fully armed, waiting. One of them signals to Jim as he walks by, beckoning him to come closer. Jim is surprised to find out that one of the soldiers holds a telephone wire, which is coiled around the neck of a young Chinese man. The Chinese is out of place, “unlike the soldiers and myself”, and Jim struggles to keep his composure. He knows he is not supposed to comment or acknowledge what is happening or even oppose them; he tells himself the Chinese is an important prisoner, so as to protect himself from the realization that he is just an innocent man. Jim stays there, unable to leave, in a sort of “dead time”, in which no new development takes place: the Chinese is still being choked, the Japanese are still, and Jim is uneasy, trying to talk and explain that the war is over, but he does not know enough of the language and his eyes keep going back to the Chinese. “From the moment I left Lunghua all the clocks had stopped. Time had suspended itself” (Idem: 55). This stilted moment seems to take forever, with Jim sharing a sweet potato with one of the Japanese, them subtly harassing him and asking for his transparent plastic belt. One of the soldiers inspects the belt carefully, testing the plastic between his hands, and ends up destroying it, as the Chinese is finally killed. “None of them had been touched by the youth’s death, as if they knew that they too were dead and were matter-of-factly preparing themselves for whatever end would arrive out of the afternoon sun” (Idem: 56). As in “Dead Time”, imagining that one’s self and the whole world are dead, joining in death, is a way of justifying the death of affect so as to cope with the close contact of the reality of death.</p>
<blockquote><p>For the first time it seemed obvious that this remote country platform was the depot from which all of the dead of the war had been dispatched to the creeks and burial mounds of Lunghua. The four Japanese soldiers were preparing us for our journey. I and the Chinese whom they last suffocated were their last arrivals, and when we had gone they would close the station and set out themselves. (Idem: 56)</p></blockquote>
<p>Jim talks as if he was already dead, the only way conceivable to him that this event could ever make sense. Upon returning to Shanghai, he finds hard to resume his old life, as if “landed in an unfamiliar future”, relating in traumatic terms, “so much had happened that I had not been able to remember or forget”, and he feels his sense of self changed, as if he had “mislaid part of [his] mind somewhere between Lunghua and Shanghai” (Idem: 60). Describing the event to his friend Peggy, Jim feels disappointed he did not stay behind with the Japanese, as if, in a way, he wanted the security they could have provided him in their ushering towards death.</p>
<p><em>Kindness </em>problematizes memory and the imagination in ways that <em>Empire </em>does not. Jim’s “entire world had been shaped by the camp,” and “instead of wanting to escape from it”, he had sought “to burrow ever more deeply into its heart” (Idem: 48), and in a sense the main theme of the book is Jim’s failure to work through personal trauma and the difficulty in living in an unresolved psychological limbo. His psychological death, symbolized by the death of the Chinese, is eventually undone by a life-saving rebirth, but more than thirty years and most of the book take place in between. The murder of the Chinese had been to him a vicarious experience of his own death, an experience that needed to be replayed, as Peggy points out: “A part of it actually happened to you. All those car crashes and pornographic movies, Kennedy’s death, they’re your way of turning it into a film, something violent and glamorous” (Idem: 270). This identification is such that Jim’s mind is “up there, molded against the screen” (Idem: 269). Gasiorek argues that by rendering it safe and displacing the violence to the realm of the imaginary, he ends up by colonizing his psyche to the glamorized allure the violence subsequently represents (2005: 150). And in fact, Jim’s “cure” would be prompted by seeing the film of <em>Empire</em> for the first time in the chapter that closes the book, a complex act of identification with a mixture of imagination, remembrance and critical distance.</p>
<p>In <em>Miracles</em> the episode is strikingly close to the one narrated in <em>Kindness</em>. Ballard writes of the moment of uncertainty: “August 1945 formed a strange interregnum when we were never wholly certain that the war had ended, a sensation that stayed with me for months and even years” (Ballard 2008: 103). Walking towards the railway station, he is aware of a sing-song sound (absent in <em>Kindness </em>but not in <em>Empire</em>), which turns out to be the Chinese on his knees, being strangled by Japanese soldiers. One of the soldiers calls Ballard up and asks to see his transparent plastic belt, “a prized novelty that no Japanese was likely to have seen” (Idem: 106), and examines it slowly, while Ballard waits and the Chinese is being choked to death. There is a great disconnect between the murder taking place and the matter-of-fact manner of the Japanese, who act as if “beyond the point where life and death meant anything at all” (Idem: 107) and demand Ballard to act the same way. Ballard continues describing the in-between world where wars merged into one another, and the proximity of his autobiography to his fictional narratives calls into question how much of <em>Miracles</em> are actually memories, unadorned and uninformed by decades of filtering these memories through his imagination. While not questioning the authenticity of Ballard’s remembrances, they seem too close to fiction &#8212; his autobiography having been told in so many ways, displaced in so many troubled characters and alien settings that the text that is purported to be the truth does not sound any truer; only another version, even if the most earnest one. His experience of the war, Ballard reiterates in <em>Miracles</em> and the autobiographical essay “The End of My War”, is no different from millions of teenage boys in occupied Europe or Asia. We read his fiction not for his experiences, but for his imagination and the way these events have shaped them, into his powerful literary creations.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Final remarks</strong></p>
<p>The temptation to read and decode Ballard’s fiction according to this autobiographical key is hard to resist: the Lunghua interment camp, would be the Ballardian model for social environment, an enclosed space with special rules and codes where “existence shades inevitably into a slow decline unto death” is the model for the high-rises, gated communities and science parks of Ballard’s fiction: “places to rebel against, if space can be found; a space to escape from, if escape is possible” (Baker 2009: 14). His fiction is one of repetition, of reworking of familiar imagery and material, a repetition that does not denote so much lack of ideas but a symptomatic obsession, a need to articulate a consistent and particular view of the world.</p>
<p>In an essay titled “Time, Memory and Inner Space”, Ballard touches upon the subject of the landscapes of one’s childhood influencing the writer’s imagination, using the case of flooded Shanghai and his novel <em>The Drowned World. </em>Ballard’s Freudian theory of creative writing is summarized in this essay, with the writer selecting images and ideas that reflect the “internal landscapes of his mind”, to which the “dream worlds” invented by the writer are “external equivalents of the inner world of the psyche, and because these symbols take their impetus from the most formative and confused periods of our lives they are often time-sculptures of terrifying ambiguity” (Ballard 1996: 200). Not only have Ballard’s formative years been spent in the busy and lively wartime Shanghai, he has always been the owner of an overactive and unique imagination. Autobiographical analyses of Ballard’s fiction would reveal them as attempts to externalize the inner world of the psyche (influence of the Surrealists) as informed by his childhood and war experiences. His work would be ciphers to be decoded, and the key, his memories of Shanghai: with his world ripped apart, he plays with the fragments. He used his experiences to show how the collapse of normalcy can be sobering by disclosing a differently and somehow more satisfying world. The war probably never ended for Ballard, and it is a good thing he never truly left it, as they have informed his vision and his fiction indelibly. To step outside of Lunghua would be to step outside his own head.</p>
<p><strong>Works cited</strong></p>
<p>BAKER, Brian. “Iterative Architecture: A Ballardian Text.” <span style="text-decoration:underline;">21: Journal of Contemporary and Innovative Fiction.</span> Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008/9. http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/english/documents/21/issue1/BrianBaker.pdf. Downloaded on 20 April 2009.</p>
<p>BALLARD, J. G. <em>Empire of the Sun. </em>London: HarperCollins, 2006.</p>
<p>&#8212;. “Introduction.” <em>Crash. </em>London: HarperCollins, 2007.</p>
<p>&#8212;. <em>Miracles of Life.</em> London: HarperCollins, 2008.</p>
<p>&#8212;. “The Dead Time”. <em>Myths of the Near Future</em>. London: Triad Granada, 1984.</p>
<p>&#8212;. <em>The Atrocity Exhibition.</em> London: HarperCollins, 2007.</p>
<p>&#8212;. <em>The Kindness of Women.</em> New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1991.</p>
<p>&#8212;. “Time, Memory, and Inner Space”. <em>A User’s Guide to the Millennium</em>. New York: Picador, 1996.</p>
<p>BENYEI, Tamas. “White Light: J. G. Ballard’s <em>Empire of the Sun</em> as a war story”. <em>The Anachronist: The Literary Journal of the Department of English Studies.</em> No. 2000, p. 249-275.</p>
<p>DENTITH, Simon. <em>Parody</em>. London: Routledge, 2000.</p>
<p>GASIOREK, Andrzej. <em>J.G. Ballard</em><em>.</em> Manchester: Manchester UP, 2005.</p>
<p>ORAMUS, Dominika. “Introduction”. <em>Grave New World.</em> 2007. http://www.ballardian.com/grave-new-world-introduction-part-1. Downloaded on 12 April 2009.</p>
<p>PUNTER, David. <em>The Hidden Script</em><em>: Writing and the Unconscious.</em> London: Routledge, 1985.</p>
<p>SELF, Will. “Conversations: J. G. Ballard”. <em>Junk</em> <em>Mail</em>. London: Penguin, 1996.</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="#_ftnref">[1]</a> Examples are “The Killing Ground” (1969), “Theatre of War” (1977) and “War Fever” (1989).</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[2]</a> First published in the magazine <em>Ambit</em>, later collected in 1982’s <em>Myths of the Near Future.</em></p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[3]</a> The story recalls Henri-Georges Clouzot’s 1953 film <em>The Wages of Fear</em> (itself based on a book by Georges Arnaud) in which four men are hired to transport in two trucks a load of nitroglycerine to extinguish the fire on an oil well, a job considered too dangerous for their syndicated employees. The drivers are inexperienced and are to carry extremely sensitive and deadly material.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[4]</a> A recurrence of an idea from Ballard’s novel <em>High-Rise </em>(1975).</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[5]</a> Other stories from <em>The Atrocity Exhibition</em> that mention Shanghai and World War 2 are “The Great American Nude” (1967), “The University of Death” (1968), and “Tolerances of the Human Face” (1969).</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[6]</a> Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day) is the day Japan announced its surrender, effectively ending World War II, in August 15, 1945.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[7]</a> Ballard’s wife Mary had died in 1964 of pneumonia, leaving him with three kids to raise on his own, and he said <em>Atrocity </em>was written to make sense of the irrational world he was living in.</p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref">[8]</a> Christ figures abound in Ballard’s work. In “The Dead Time,” in <em>The Unlimited Dream Company, </em>for instance, but the most famous one is Vaughan in <em>Crash</em>, who dies heroically (or pathetically) in a symbolic collision with Elizabeth Taylor’s limousine.</p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/304/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=304&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/06/30/is-the-war-over-memory-and-obsession-in-j-g-ballard%e2%80%99s-autobiographical-war-narratives/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Trouble in paradise: Crime and extreme capitalism in J. G. Ballard’s Super-Cannes</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/05/03/trouble-in-paradise-crime-and-extreme-capitalism-in-j-g-ballard%e2%80%99s-super-cannes/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/05/03/trouble-in-paradise-crime-and-extreme-capitalism-in-j-g-ballard%e2%80%99s-super-cannes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2009 04:50:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ballard]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[super-cannes]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=295</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[J. G. Ballard’s 2000 novel Super-Cannes posits a curious view of the nature of crime. In a gated community called Eden-Olympia, a sort of European Silicon Valley, just outside of Cannes, France, the future is already here. In an attempt to “hothouse the future” (15), psychiatrist Wilder Penrose, an “amiable Prospero” or “the psychopomp who [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=295&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>J. G. Ballard’s 2000 novel Super-Cannes posits a curious view of the nature of crime. In a gated community called Eden-Olympia, a sort of European Silicon Valley, just outside of Cannes, France, the future is already here. In an attempt to “hothouse the future” (15), psychiatrist Wilder Penrose, an “amiable Prospero” or “the psychopomp who steered our darkest dreams towards the daylight” (3) supplements the system of modern living with ubiquitous security and technology with “healthy” doses of programmed violence and psychopathology. Within Penrose’s therapy program, some acts of violence are needed to preserve the mental sanity of the executives at Eden-Olympia. In order to foster a truly sane and healthy society, these “small” deviations must be allowed, not constituting in any way crimes but safe outlets for repressed emotions that might hamper a balanced life. The pediatrician David Greenwood, however, set out to expose the perverse scheme, and ended up being executed as the author of the biggest crime in the history of the community. Greenwood, the man who tried to kill Penrose and his associates, hovers in the narrative like a ghost, a man who the protagonist, Paul Sinclair, is made to step on his shoes from the very beginning.</p>
<p><span id="more-295"></span></p>
<p>The novel is well-set in the genre of detective or crime fiction, wearing the influence of Raymond Chandler on its sleeve with the obligatory femme fatale – played by Greenwood’s former lover, Frances Baring – and the gradual uncovering of the moral degradation of a specific group, as well as the detective getting himself tangled up in the mystery as he tries to solve it. The fateful events with Greenwood have already taken place when Sinclair and his wife Jane arrive at Eden-Olympia. Whereas Jane occupies the pediatrician position left by Greenwood, Sinclair, recovering from a plane crash, spends most of the day alone in Greenwood’s house, where they now live. Without work in a world where work is all there is, Sinclair finds himself fascinated with the mystery of Greenwood and his motives, who effectively haunts the exterior space of his house and the interior space of his mind: “It occurred to me that three of us would sleep together in this large and comfortable bed, until I could persuade David to step out of my mind and disappear for ever down the white staircase of this dreaming villa” (Ballard 35). Greenwood having also been a former lover of Jane, a dimension of competitive sexuality is added to his obsession, as he questions the reasons of his own interest with the dead man.</p>
<p>The atmosphere of Eden-Olympia is governed by the rhythms of work, and nothing else. The demands and pleasures of the body have no place in it, and is, as Penrose describes, “an obedient coolie, to be fed and hosed down, and given just enough sexual freedom to sedate itself” (17), akin to what Michel Foucault described as the “docile body,” bodies that not only do what we want but do it precisely in the way that we want (Foucault 138). Here technology has taken the place of any kind of social exchange, rendering it unnecessary and counterproductive.</p>
<blockquote><p>Intimacy and neighborliness were not features of everyday life at Eden-Olympia. An invisible infrastructure took the place of traditional civic virtues. At Eden-Olympia there ware no parking problems, no fear of burglars or purse-snatchers, no rapes or muggings. The top-drawer professionals no longer needed to devote a moment’s thought to each other, and had dispensed with the checks and balances of community life. There were no town councils or magistrates’ courts, no citizens’ advice bureaux. Civility and polity were designed into Eden-Olympia, in the same way that mathematics, aesthetics and an entire geopolitical world-view were designed into the Parthenon and the Boeing 747. Representative democracy had been replaced by the surveillance camera and the private police force. (38)</p></blockquote>
<p>Ethical issues play no part in the citizen’s notions of civility at all, it is “designed,” or even enforced in the inhabitants by the way their space is organized. This kind of diffuse and wide control embedded in space is typical of prisons rather than paradisiacal residential areas, akin to what Michel Foucault described in Discipline and Punish. Total control is enforced not by brutal physical punishment, he argues, but the much more intrusive psychological control, demanding inner transformation and conversion to a new way of thinking, conditioning minds and bodies to conform with the dictum that “the soul is the prison of the body” (Foucault 30). The inhabitants’ identity is also normalized, effacing their particular characteristics and making them to behave as behaviorist puppets or cogs in a machine. There is no need for representative democracy or town councils, as Ballard puts it, because there is no common identity, as there is no sense of community. All that remains is a skewed sense of individuality, but which is geared towards the professional life.</p>
<p>Left to his own devices, clearly a fish out of water, Sinclair becomes obsessed with Greenwood and with the help of a security officer, Halder, sets to find out the obscured details of Greenwood’s breakdown. In the course of his investigation, he learns that the official account of the events have been manipulated by the Eden-Olympia management. What seemed clearly an act of madness on the part of Greenwood, as Penrose pointed out, “a deep psychosis &#8230; a profound crisis going back to his childhood” (28) with no clear motivation, starts to become meaningful for Sinclair, as if Greenwood rebelled against the establishment of Eden-Olympia. This comes at the realization of a number of gaps in official account of the facts when compared to Sinclair’s own investigation with Halder and interrogation of people with whom Greenwood had contact outside Eden-Olympia.</p>
<blockquote><p>An editorial in Le Monde speculated that the contrast between the worldly power of Eden-Olympia and the deprived lives of the Arab immigrants in Cannes La Bocca had driven Greenwood into a frenzy of frustration, a blind rage at inequalities between the first and third worlds. The murders were part political manifesto, so the newspaper believed, and part existential scream. (11)</p></blockquote>
<p>This version of the truth is only partly right, a facile interpretation of the facts to serve the political interests of Eden-Olympia and France and to protect Greenwood’s reputation. By acknowledging the social inequity in the area and Greenwood’s preoccupation with it, the editorial elects him as a martyr for politically-correct cause, not even as the madman he is believed to be inside the gates of Eden-Olympia.</p>
<p>This distorted vision of reality is a central theme in the novel, with its numerous allusions to Lewis Carroll and the Alice books, which Greenwood had a library of. Many times Sinclair imagines himself going “down the rabbit-hole” or “through the looking-glass” into the unreal and simulated world of Eden-Olympia, as out of touch with reality as Carroll’s fantasies. Part of it involves the fact that many of its elements, including security (and its police force) are only for show, creating an illusion. Pascal Zander, the head of security, assures Sinclair that there is “no crime at Eden-Olympia [. . .] the whole concept of criminality is unknown here. At Eden-Olympia we are self-policing [. . .] Honesty is a designed-in feature, along with free parking and clean air. Our guards are for show, like the guides at Euro-Disney” (83). Real crime is to be found nearby, however, in Nice, Cannes La Bocca, where these acts of “robbery, prostitution, drug-dealing &#8230; seem [to them] almost folkloric, subsidized by the municipality for the entertainment of tourists” (84). People feel safe as long as there are security cameras and guards around, even if they are not turned on or properly trained. The appearance of orderliness counts more than its effectiveness upon contingency, especially if no contingent situation ever occurs. Greenwood, of course, put these to the test and proved that the simulacrum of security of Eden-Olympia did not work, and that is why he partly succeeded.</p>
<p>In the course of his investigation, Sinclair observes that in some photos taken of the bodies Greenwood’s victims, they were taking part in clumsy and obvious illegal activities, such as drug dealing and consumption. These, he later finds out, are part of the same illusion of Eden-Olympia, as these executives were playing the parts of flamboyant drug dealers and sexual victims, enacting B-movies for the security cameras and unseen ones. This, along with the so-called ratissages in which groups of executives dressed in bowling jackets attack Arab immigrants in the outskirts of Eden-Olympia or steal fur coats from the set of a filming Japanese commercial, are part of the same illusion. These are sometimes even enacted for the benefit of Sinclair, who observes them in vantage points, and their videos are played back to him by Penrose. Later he learns this is all part of a therapy program envisioned by Penrose, who explains that “the health of Eden-Olympia is under constant threat” (251). Without his therapy program, the executives find themselves developing small illnesses and debilitating amounts of stress described as “an inability to rest the mind, to find time for reflection and recreation,” made the more apparent because of the very characteristics that make Eden-Olympia such an “intelligent city” (3). Where a detached and machine-like behavior is the norm, madness becomes a sort of cure. “Our problem is not that many people are insane, but too few [. . .] Small doses of insanity are the only solution. Their own psychopathy is all that can rescue these people” (251), explains Penrose, whose discourse is so enticing and persuasive it manages to involve Sinclair, who, while morally disgusted by the ratissages, is intellectually interested in Penrose’s ideas and what they do to his own psyche.</p>
<blockquote><p>The display of brutality had unsettled me [. . .] A dormant part of my mind had been aroused – not by the cruelty, which I detested, but by the discovery that Eden-Olympia offered more to its residents than what met the visitor’s gaze. Over the swimming pools and manicured lawns seemed to hover a dream of violence. (75)</p></blockquote>
<p>Part of the fascination Ballard’s text holds to the reader is this realization that in a benumbed existence, the “dream of violence” that hovers just beyond the surface of everyday life promises elation and excitement. Much of the allure of detective fiction, and all fiction in general, is their capability to transport the reader “down the rabbit-hole” into a world of vicarious experience of forbidden sensations and feelings. This idea is taken to an extreme in its technological application in the reality of Eden-Olympia and problematized when it is not just an intellectual exercise but involves real moral questions, such as in the ratissages.</p>
<p>Crime, according to Émile Durkheim, is a perfectly normal aspect of social life, an integral art of all healthy societies (45). A society possesses a “collective conscience,” consisting of a number of social values, and an act is criminal when it breaks deeply held aspects of this “collective conscience.” If an act does not “shock” the conscience, it is not a crime (51). This implicates that an act may not be criminal, even if goes against moral values, if it escapes the conscience &#8212; something that happens in communities such as Eden-Olympia where crime has lost its power to subvert and shock and has effectively become invisible. When ideology has the power to make such acts imperceptible, it can control the population at will, because they will be unaware of any kind of manipulation.</p>
<blockquote><p>The administrative headquarters of Eden-Olympia displayed an almost imperial grandeur, with its classical pilasters rising to a stylized post-modern pediment. This was the first office building to be constructed at the business park, but after a bombastic overture the architecture that followed was late modernist in the most minimal and self-effacing way, a machine above all for thinking in. (191)</p></blockquote>
<p>Here Eden-Olympia reveals its fascist tendencies at its core: the first building and moral center betrays the tacit domination of the rest of the city. Penrose also slips a few fascist ideas when explaining his program: “Psychopathy is its own most potent cure, and has been throughout history. At times it grips entire nations in a vast therapeutic spasm. No drug has ever been more potent” (251). Ultimately, this is what a state-wide, invisible manipulation &#8212; even one dictated by capitalism &#8212; will turn into, a totalitarian state in which the moral order is inverted, the madmen involved in random acts of violence, drug and sex trafficking do it to preserve their sanity. The freaks are Greenwood and his follower Sinclair in their “crazed” rebellion.</p>
<p>Eden-Olympia, an “ideas laboratory for the new millennium” is a place beyond morality, explains Penrose. In his rationale, the old morality</p>
<blockquote><p>belonged to a cruder stage of human development. It had to cope with packs of hunter-scavengers who’d only just left the Serengeti plain. The first religions were forced to deal with barely socialized primates who’d tear each other’s arms off given half a chance. Since they couldn’t rely on self-control they needed ethical taboos to do it for them. (95)</p></blockquote>
<p>What Penrose sought to create with the therapy program is to discover this new morality, one dictated not by the rules of jungle, atavistic impulses or ancient religions but by the gaze of the security camera and the speed limits of superhighways. “Unless you own a Ferrari, pressing the accelerator is not a moral decision [. . .] We can rely on their judgment, and that leaves us free to get on with the rest of our lives. We’ve achieved real freedom, the freedom from morality” (ibid). It is no wonder, therefore, that it turns out that Sinclair has been inserted into Eden-Olympia in Greenwood’s house precisely to make him obsessed with its previous occupant. To put him in Greenwood’s space, infusing him with his preoccupations is their way of using Sinclair as a behaviorist puppet, their way of conducting an experiment to find out why Greenwood broke down in the first place. Sinclair’s detective work and awakening to the moral corruption of Eden-Olympia is not an act of self, but part of the system, proving once and for all that there is no escaping the networks of control. The book closes with Sinclair planning to continue Greenwood’s plan to assassinate Penrose and expose Eden-Olympia, but it is clear that he has gone way too deep into the rabbit-hole and the system has engulfed him: he had partaken of the ratissages and had become close to Penrose. Moreover, his rebellion would be a crime, just as Greenwood’s, and Eden-Olympia would do anything to cover it up as another madman on the loose.</p>
<p>Super-Cannes is an indictment of projects of modern living that efface identity, social exchanges and moral decisions. In Eden-Olympia morality is designed and embedded in the landscape, spaces projected for an invisible control of people, such as airports, highways, shopping malls and other sites of extreme neutrality. Ballard warns us that their neutrality is only apparent and hides “a dream of violence” and the seed for a new, more insidious form of totalitarianism. It is important to be aware of the mechanisms of control to see beyond the illusion and prevent such a dire future from taking place.</p>
<p><strong>Works Cited</strong></p>
<p>Ballard, J. G. <em>Super-Cannes</em>. London: Harper, 2006.</p>
<p>Durkheim, Émile. <em>The Division of Labour in Society</em>. Trad. George Simpson. London: Collier-Macmillan, 1964.</p>
<p>Foucault, Michel. <em>Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison</em>. London: Vintage, 2000.</p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/295/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=295&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/05/03/trouble-in-paradise-crime-and-extreme-capitalism-in-j-g-ballard%e2%80%99s-super-cannes/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Philip Roth: Relendo Saul Bellow</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/philip-roth-relendo-saul-bellow/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/philip-roth-relendo-saul-bellow/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2009 11:19:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=291</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Relendo Saul Bellow
Folha de S. Paulo, 11/02/2001




O escritor norte-americano  Philip Roth comenta seis dos mais  importantes romances do autor 





 1 &#8211; A revolução de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;
A transformação do romancista que publicou &#8220;Dangling Man&#8221; em 1944 e &#8220;The Victim&#8221; em 1947 no romancista que publicou &#8220;As Aventuras de Augie March&#8221; em 1953 é [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=291&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs1102200104.htm"><span style="font-size:large;"><strong>Relendo Saul Bellow</strong></span></a><br />
Folha de S. Paulo, 11/02/2001</p>
<table border="0" width="250">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<hr size="2" noshade="noshade" /><strong><em>O escritor norte-americano  Philip Roth comenta seis dos mais  importantes romances do autor </em></strong></p>
<hr size="2" noshade="noshade" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><img class="size-medium wp-image-289 alignright" title="bellow2" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/bellow2.jpg?w=300&#038;h=228" alt="bellow2" width="300" height="228" /><br />
<strong> 1 &#8211; A revolução de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;</strong></p>
<p>A transformação do romancista que publicou &#8220;Dangling Man&#8221; em 1944 e &#8220;The Victim&#8221; em 1947 no romancista que publicou &#8220;As Aventuras de Augie March&#8221; em 1953 é revolucionária. Bellow subverte tudo: escolhas composicionais fundadas em princípios narrativos de harmonia e ordem, um etos romanesco em dívida com &#8220;O Processo&#8221;, de Kafka, e &#8220;O Duplo&#8221; e &#8220;O Eterno Marido&#8221;, de Dostoiévski, bem como uma perspectiva moral que mal se pode dizer derivada do prazer do brilho, cor e plenitude da existência. Em &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, uma concepção bastante grandiosa, categórica e arrojada tanto do romance quanto do mundo que o romance representa se desprende de todo o tipo de censura auto-imposta, os princípios de composição do novato são subvertidos e, tal como o personagem Cinco Propriedades em &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, o próprio escritor se acha &#8220;obcecado por superabundância&#8221;. A ameaça difusa que organizara a perspectiva do herói e da ação do romance em &#8220;The Victim&#8221; e &#8220;Dangling Man&#8221; desaparece, e a agressão contida que era Asa Leventhal, de &#8220;The Victim&#8221;, e a vontade cerceada que era Joseph, em &#8220;Dangling Man&#8221;, emergem como apetite voraz. Há o entusiasmo narcisista pela vida em todas as suas formas híbridas a impelir Augie March e há uma inesgotável paixão por uma exuberância de detalhes estonteantes a guiar Saul Bellow. A escala se amplia dramaticamente: o mundo infla, e aqueles que o habitam, pessoas monumentais, opressivas, ambiciosas, enérgicas, não são, nas palavras de Augie, facilmente &#8220;eliminados na luta pela vida&#8221;. A intrincada paisagem de presença física e a sede de poder de personalidades influentes fazem da &#8220;personagem&#8221;, em todas as suas manifestações -sobretudo em sua indelével capacidade de marcar presença-, menos um aspecto do romance do que a sua preocupação.</p>
<p><strong>Multiplicidade e diversão</strong><br />
Pensem em Einhorn no bordel, Thea com a águia, Dingbat e seu pugilista, Simon grosseiramente esplêndido na casa dos Magnus e violento no depósito de madeira. De Chicago ao México, do meio do Atlântico e de volta para casa, tudo é gigantesco, tudo é Brobdingnag para Augie, observado, porém, não por um Swift cáustico, raivoso, mas por um Hieronymus Bosch das palavras, um Bosch americano, um Bosch otimista e sem lição de moral, que detecta, mesmo nas artimanhas mais ardilosas de suas criaturas, nas suas mais colossais trapaças e maquinações e tramóias, o que é humanamente arrebatador. As intrigas da humanidade já não insuflam medo paranóico no herói de Bellow, antes o inflamam. Que a superfície ricamente entretecida esteja repleta de contradição e ambiguidade deixa de ser uma fonte de consternação; pelo contrário, o &#8220;caráter misto&#8221; de tudo é estimulante. A multiplicidade é uma diversão.<br />
Frases tumefatas existiram antes na ficção americana -notadamente em Melville e Faulkner-, mas não tais como aquelas de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, que se me afiguram mais que uma licença poética; quando simples licença move um escritor, ela pode levar à fulgurância vazia de alguns imitadores de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;. Leio a prosa de licença poética de Bellow como a manifestação sintática do ego imponente, robusto, de Augie, aquele ego atento que mexe e remexe, sempre em movimento, ora dominado pela força alheia, ora dela se esquivando. Há frases no livro cuja efervescência, cujo fluxo de leveza deixam a pessoa com a sensação de que muita coisa está se passando, uma ardente, uma teatral, uma exibicionista urdidura em prosa que se abre ao dinamismo da vida sem expulsar a vida do espírito. Essa voz que já não encontra resistência é permeada de espírito ao mesmo tempo que se liga também aos mistérios do sentimento. É uma voz a um tempo desenfreada e inteligente, que avança a todo o vapor e é no entanto sempre aguda o bastante para formar uma opinião sensata sobre as coisas.<br />
O capítulo 16 de &#8220;Augie March&#8221; versa sobre a tentativa de Thea Fenchel, a voluntariosa bem-amada de Augie, de adestrar sua águia, Calígula, para que ataque e capture os grandes lagartos que rastejam pelas montanhas ao redor de Acatla, no México central, para fazer aquela &#8220;ameaça que se abate rápida do céu&#8221; se ajustar a seus desígnios. É um capítulo de força prodigiosa, 16 páginas audazes sobre um acontecimento marcadamente humano, cuja aura mítica (e também cômica) é comparável às grandes cenas de Faulkner -em &#8220;O Urso&#8221;, em &#8220;Spotted Horses&#8221;, em &#8220;Enquanto Agonizo&#8221;, ao longo de &#8220;Palmeiras Selvagens&#8221;-, nas quais a porfia humana mede forças com a natureza selvagem. O combate entre Calígula e Thea (pelo corpo e pela alma da águia), as passagens maravilhosamente precisas que descrevem a águia alçando vôo para satisfazer sua bela treinadora diabólica e a amarga decepção que lhe causa cristalizam uma idéia sobre a vontade de poder e de domínio que é central a quase todas as aventuras de Augie. &#8220;Para dizer a verdade&#8221;, observa Augie perto do final do livro, &#8220;estou mesmo é cansado de todas essas personalidades e demiurgos, de todos esses crânios, maquiavéis e gênios do mal, figurões e ditadores, absolutistas&#8221;. Na primeira página do livro, página memorável, na segunda frase, Augie cita Heráclito: &#8220;O caráter de um homem é seu destino&#8221;. Mas será que &#8220;As Aventuras de Augie March&#8221; não sugerem exatamente o contrário, que o destino de um homem (ao menos desse homem, desse Augie nascido em Chicago) é o caráter usurpador dos outros? Bellow me disse certa vez que, lá no fundo de seu sangue judeu e imigrante, havia nítidos traços de dúvida quanto a saber se ele tinha o direito de praticar o ofício de escritor. Sugeriu-me que, ao menos em parte, essa dúvida permeava seu sangue porque &#8220;nosso próprio establishment, esse establishment branco, anglo-saxão e protestante, representado principalmente por professores treinados em Harvard&#8221;, considerava um filho de imigrantes judeus incapaz de escrever livros em inglês. Esses sujeitos o punham furioso. Bem pode ter sido o precioso dom de uma fúria propícia o que motivou a abrir seu terceiro livro não com as palavras &#8220;sou um judeu, filho de imigrantes&#8221;, mas, antes, afiançando àquele filho de imigrantes judeus que é Augie March que quebraria o gelo com os professores treinados em Harvard (e com quem mais fosse), decretando categoricamente, sem apologia nem eufemismo, &#8220;Sou um americano, nascido em Chicago&#8221;.</p>
<p><strong>Gosto peremptório</strong><br />
Inaugurar &#8220;Augie March&#8221; com essas seis palavras demonstra a mesma espécie de gosto peremptório que os filhos músicos de imigrantes judeus -Irving Berlin, Aaron Copland, George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Jerome Kern, Leonard Bernstein- trouxeram para os rádios, teatros e salas de concerto americanos, fazendo apelo aos Estados Unidos (como tema, como inspiração, como público) em canções como &#8220;God Bless America&#8221;, &#8220;This Is the Army, Mr. Jones&#8221;, &#8220;Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning&#8221;, &#8220;Manhattan&#8221; e &#8220;Ol&#8221; Man River&#8221;; em musicais como &#8220;Oklahoma!&#8221;, &#8220;West Side Story&#8221;, &#8220;Porgy and Bess&#8221;, &#8220;On the Town&#8221;, &#8220;Show Boat&#8221; e &#8220;Of Thee I Sing&#8221;; em balés como &#8220;Appalachian Spring&#8221;, &#8220;Rodeo&#8221; e &#8220;Billy the Kid&#8221;.<br />
Lá pela década de 10, quando a imigração ainda estava  em curso, lá pelas décadas de 20, de 30, de 40, mesmo na  de 50, nenhum desses garotos crescidos nos Estados  Unidos, cujos pais ou avós haviam falado iídiche, tinha  o menor interesse em escrever o kitsch judaico provinciano tal como ocorreu nos anos 60 com o &#8220;Violinista  no Telhado&#8221;. Tendo sido eles próprios libertados, pela  emigração de suas famílias, da ortodoxia devota e do  autoritarismo social que eram fonte tão copiosa da  claustrofobia judaica provinciana, por que iriam querer  fazê-lo? Nos EUA, país laico, democrático, imune à  claustrofobia, Augie quer, como diz, &#8220;lidar com as coisas tal como ensinei a mim mesmo, estilo livre&#8221;.<br />
Essa afirmação de inequívoca e inigualável cidadania nos &#8220;Estados-Unidos-estilo-livre&#8221; (e o livro de quinhentas e tantas páginas que se seguiu) foi precisamente a audaz braçada necessária para liquidar a dúvida de quem quer que fosse sobre as credenciais literárias de um filho de imigrante como Saul Bellow. Augie, bem no final de seu livro, exclama exuberante: &#8220;Olhem para mim, indo a toda a parte! Puxa, sou uma espécie de Colombo daqueles mais à mão&#8221;. Indo aonde seus superiores de boa cepa não imaginariam que tivesse direito de ir com a língua americana, Bellow foi de fato um Colombo para gente como eu, netos de imigrantes, que se lançaram como escritores americanos depois dele.</p>
<p><strong>2- O rancor e a mágoa  em &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221; </strong></p>
<p>Três anos depois de aparecer &#8220;As Aventuras de Augie March&#8221;, Saul Bellow publicou &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221; (Rocco), um romance curto que é a antítese ficcional de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;. De forma enxuta e compacta e austeramente organizada, é um livro pleno de mágoa que se passa num hotel para idosos no Upper West Side de Manhattan, um livro povoado largamente por velhos, doentes e moribundos, enquanto &#8220;Augie March&#8221; é um livro vasto, derramado, eloquente, transbordante de tudo, inclusive de bom humor autoral, e que se passa onde quer que a plenitude da vida possa ser captada com enlevo. &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221; retrata a culminação, num único dia, do colapso de um homem que é o oposto de Augie March em tudo o que importa. Onde Augie é o oportunista, um moleque de bairro pobre e sem pai, eminentemente adotável, Tommy Wilhelm é o indivíduo que faz tudo errado, com um pai próspero e idoso que é muito presente, mas que não quer saber dele nem de seus problemas.<br />
Se o pai de Tommy é caracterizado no livro, somente  o é por sua implacável aversão ao filho. Tommy é brutalmente rejeitado, eminentemente inadotável, em boa  parte porque se acha privado das generosas dádivas de  auto-estima, verve e vibrante espírito aventureiro que  fazem o charme de Augie. Onde Augie é um ego triunfalmente inflado e carregado pelas fortes correntes da  vida, Tommy é um ego esmagado sob seu fardo  -Tommy está &#8220;marcado para carregar um peso que  era seu próprio eu, seu eu característico&#8221;. O rugido do  ego, amplificado pela exuberância da prosa de &#8220;Augie  March&#8221;, é alegremente articulado por Augie na última  página do livro: &#8220;Olhem para mim, indo a toda a parte!&#8221;. &#8220;Olhem para mim&#8221; -a exigência imperiosa de  atenção, o grito da confiança exibicionista.<br />
O grito que ressoa em &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221; é &#8220;ajudem-me&#8221;. Em vão Tommy diz: &#8220;Ajudem-me, ajudem-me, não estou indo a parte nenhuma&#8221;, e não só a seu próprio pai, o dr. Adler, mas a todos os pais falsos, patifes, que sucederam ao dr. Adler e a quem Tommy ingenuamente confia seja sua esperança, seja seu dinheiro, ou ambos. Augie é adotado a torto e a direito, as pessoas correm a ampará-lo e vesti-lo, educá-lo e transformá-lo. A necessidade de Augie é acumular vívidos e fulgurantes patronos-admiradores, enquanto o patos de Tommy é colecionar erros: &#8220;Talvez cometer erros expressasse o propósito mesmo de sua vida e a essência de seu ser presente&#8221;. Tommy, aos 44 anos, busca desesperadamente um pai, qualquer pai, para resgatá-lo da destruição iminente, enquanto Augie é já um artista do escapismo, pândego e independente aos 22.<br />
Falando de seu próprio passado, Bellow disse uma vez: &#8220;A minha vida inteira foi sempre assim, recobrar as forças e sair de uma posição de extrema fraqueza&#8221;. Será que a sua história de oscilação entre o abismo e o auge e vice-versa encontra um análogo literário na relação totalmente dialética desses dois livros consecutivos dos anos 50? Será que a crônica claustrofóbica do fracasso que é &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221; foi empreendida como um sombrio corretivo ao fervor que informava seu irrepreensível antecessor, como o antídoto à abertura maníaca de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;? Ao escrever &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221;, Bellow parece estar recuando (se não de forma deliberada, talvez só na reflexão) ao etos de &#8220;The Victim&#8221;, a um lúgubre mundo pré-Augie, no qual o herói sob exame é ameaçado por inimigos, subjugado pela incerteza, tolhido pela confusão, neutralizado pelo rancor.</p>
<p><strong>3 &#8211; O alarde  sincero de  &#8220;Henderson,  o Rei da Chuva&#8221; </strong></p>
<p>Seis anos apenas depois de &#8220;Augie&#8221;, lá está ele novamente, rompendo horizontes. Mas, se em &#8220;Augie&#8221; ele descarta as convenções de seus dois primeiros livros, &#8220;decorosos&#8221;, em &#8220;Henderson , o Rei da Chuva&#8221; (Nova Fronteira) ele se liberta de &#8220;Augie&#8221;, um livro em nada decoroso. A ambientação exótica, o herói vulcânico, a calamidade cômica que é a sua vida, o turbilhão interno do perpétuo anseio, a busca mágica do desejo, a regeneração mítica (reichiana?) por intermédio do grande jorro úmido da coisa entupida -tudo novo em folha. Para emparelhar dois poderosos esforços dessemelhantes: a África de Bellow funciona para Henderson como o vilarejo do castelo de Kafka funciona para K., fornecendo o perfeito campo de testes desconhecido para o herói alheio efetivar a mais profunda, a mais inextirpável de suas carências -romper seu &#8220;sono de espírito&#8221;, se puder, por meio da intensidade do trabalho útil. &#8220;Eu quero&#8221;, esse dó de peito sem objeto, elementar, poderia ter sido tão espontaneamente de K. como de Eugene Henderson. Aí finda toda a semelhança, com certeza. Ao contrário do homem kafkiano, eternamente cerceado na realização de seu desejo, Henderson é a força humana sem direção, cuja insistência voraz miraculosamente acaba, sim, por ter sucesso. K. é uma inicial, com a ausência de biografia que isso implica -e de patos-, enquanto o fardo de Henderson é uma biografia que pesa uma tonelada. Um beberrão, um gigante, um gói, um multimilionário de meia-idade num estado de contínua agitação emocional, Henderson é rodeado pelo tremendo caos de &#8220;meus pais, minhas mulheres, minhas namoradas, meus filhos, minha fazenda, meus bichos, meus hábitos, meu dinheiro, minhas aulas de música, minhas bebedeiras, meus preconceitos, minha brutalidade, meus dentes, meu rosto, minha alma!&#8221;.</p>
<p><strong>Cura na África </strong><br />
Por causa de todos os seus vícios e  equívocos, Henderson, a seu próprio ver, tem tanto de  patológico quanto tem de humano. Ele abandona o lar  (bem ao modo do autor que o imagina) com destino a  um continente povoado por negros tribais que se revelam a sua própria cura. A África como remédio.<br />
De uma graça brilhante, toda ela inédita, uma segunda emancipação enorme, um livro que quer ser sério e  pouco sério ao mesmo tempo (e consegue), um livro  que convida a uma leitura acadêmica ao passo que ridiculariza tal leitura e a manda pelos ares, um livro para  fazer alarde, mas um alarde sincero -um livro com um  parafuso a menos, mas não sem a grande autoridade de  um parafuso a menos.</p>
<p><strong> 4 &#8211; O espírito  que é um  espírito  em &#8220;Herzog&#8221; </strong></p>
<p>O personagem Moses Herzog, esse labirinto de contradição e autodivisão -o homem alucinado e a pessoa honesta com um &#8220;senso bíblico de experiência pessoal&#8221; e uma inocência tão fenomenal quanto sua sofisticação, intenso, mas passivo, reflexivo, mas impulsivo, são, mas insano, emocional, complicado, um especialista em dor palpitante de emoção e no entanto candidamente simples, um palhaço em sua vingança e cólera, um tolo em cujo ódio viceja a comédia, um sábio e erudito escolado num mundo traiçoeiro, mas ainda à deriva no grande brejo do amor, da confiança e do arrebatamento infantis com as coisas (e incorrigivelmente apegado a essa condição), um amante envelhecido de enorme vaidade e narcisismo, com uma atitude adoravelmente ríspida consigo mesmo, rodopiando no ciclo-larvar de uma autoconsciência um tanto magnânima e ao mesmo tempo esteticamente atraído por todos os que esbanjam vida, irresistivelmente seduzido por valentões e manda-chuvas, por sabichões teatrais, deslumbrado por sua pretensa certeza e pela autoridade crua de sua falta de ambiguidade, se fartando de sua intensidade até ser quase esmagado por ela -esse Herzog é a maior criação de Bellow, o Leopold Bloom da literatura americana, exceto por uma diferença: no &#8220;Ulisses&#8221;, o espírito enciclopédico do autor é convertido em carnadura linguística do romance, e Joyce jamais cede a Bloom sua grande erudição própria, seu intelecto e amplitude retórica, ao passo que, em &#8220;Herzog&#8221;, Bellow dota seu herói de tudo isso, não somente de um estado de espírito e de uma disposição de espírito, mas também de um espírito que é, de fato, um espírito.<br />
Um espírito rico e abrangente, mas dilacerado por problemas, explosivo, fervilhante de rancor e indignação, um espírito alucinado que, na primeira frase, abertamente, com boas razões, questiona seu equilíbrio, e não em intelectualês, mas em fórmula vernácula clássica: &#8220;Se eu não estiver louco&#8221;. Esse espírito, tão vigoroso, tão tenaz, atulhado do que de melhor se pensou e disse, um espírito que produz com elegância as mais instruídas generalizações sobre boa parte do mundo e de sua história, acaba suspeitando também do seu mais fundamental poder, sua capacidade mesma de compreensão.<br />
O fulcro em torno do qual gravita o drama do triângulo adúltero do livro, a cena que faz Herzog sair em disparada a Chicago para apanhar uma pistola carregada para matar Madeleine e Gersbach e, em vez disso, inicia sua derrocada final, tem lugar numa sala de tribunal de Nova York, onde Herzog, zanzando enquanto espera seu advogado chegar, topa com uma versão paródica -um pesadelo- de seu próprio sofrimento. Trata-se do julgamento de uma pobre mãe desnaturada que, com seu amante degenerado, assassinou seu próprio filho pequeno.<br />
Tomado pelo horror daquilo que vê e ouve, Herzog é levado a bradar para si mesmo: &#8220;Não consigo entender!&#8221; -palavras prosaicas, bastante familiares, mas para Herzog uma admissão humilhante, dorida, retumbante, que une dramaticamente o emaranhado de sua existência intelectual à trama de erro e decepção que é sua vida pessoal. Como para Herzog o entendimento é um entrave à força instintiva, é quando lhe falta o entendimento que ele lança mão de uma arma (a mesma com que, certa vez, o seu próprio pai ameaçou de forma canhestra matá-lo, a ele) -embora, no final, sendo Herzog, não possa dispará-la. Sendo Herzog (e filho colérico de colérico pai), ele considera disparar a pistola &#8220;não mais que um pensamento&#8221;. Mas, se Herzog não consegue entender, quem então entenderá, e para que todo esse pensar? Por que, para início de conversa, toda essa reflexão desinibida nos livros de Bellow? Não digo a reflexão desinibida de personagens como Tamkin em &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221; ou mesmo do rei Dahfu em &#8220;Henderson&#8221;, que parecem dissipar sua sabedoria de salão tanto para Bellow ter o prazer de inventá-los quanto para criar um reino paralelo de confusão nos espíritos dos heróis já bastante confusos por si próprios. Refiro-me, antes, à empreitada quase impossível que vinca a obra de Bellow de forma tão marcante quanto os romances de Robert Musil e Thomas Mann: a luta não só para infundir espírito à ficção, mas para tornar a própria atividade intelectiva algo central ao dilema do herói -para pensar, em livros como &#8220;Herzog&#8221;, sobre o problema do pensar. Ora, o grande fascínio de Bellow, e não só para mim, é que, a seu modo caracteristicamente americano, ele logrou com brilhantismo preencher o abismo entre Thomas Mann e Damon Runyon, mas isso não subestima o objetivo daquilo que, a começar por &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, ele se propôs fazer de forma tão ambiciosa: pôr em jogo (em livre jogo) as faculdades intelectuais que, em escritores como Mann, Musil e ele próprio, não são menos empolgadas pelo espetáculo da vida do que pelo componente imaginativo do espírito; tornar a ruminação congruente com o que é representado; içar, das profundezas da narrativa à superfície, o pensamento do autor, sem pôr a pique o poder mimético da narrativa, sem deixar que o livro medite superficialmente sobre si mesmo, sem lançar um apelo ideológico transparente ao leitor e sem conferir sabedoria, tal como fazem Tamkin e o rei Dahfu, de forma rasteira, aproblemática. &#8220;Herzog&#8221; é a primeira incursão prolongada de Bellow, como escritor, no imenso domínio do sexo. As mulheres de Herzog lhe são de grande importância, açulando sua vaidade, despertando sua carnalidade, canalizando seu amor, atraindo sua curiosidade e, ao assinalarem sua perspicácia, seu charme e sua boa estampa, alimentando no homem os prazeres de um menino -na adoração delas reside sua confirmação. A cada insulto que lhe dirigem e a cada epíteto que cunham, a cada meneio de cabeça encantador, a cada toque de mão reconfortante, a cada lábio franzido em sinal de ira, as suas mulheres fascinam Herzog com aquela alteridade humana que tanto o subjuga em ambos os sexos. Mas são especialmente as mulheres -até as páginas finais, ou seja, quando Herzog vira as costas a seu retiro de Berkshires, ainda que queira bem a Ramona e aos generosos prazeres de serralho que são a especialidade dela, quando enfim se emancipa dos cuidados de outra mulher, dessas mais brandas carícias que são as suas e, como para se restaurar, empreende o que para ele é o heróico projeto de viver sozinho, se descartando das mulheres e, a par delas, sobretudo das explicações, das justificativas, das lucubrações, despindo-se, ainda que momentaneamente, das onipresentes e habituais fontes de seu prazer e tormento- são especialmente as mulheres que trazem à luz o retratista em Herzog, um pintor de talentos múltiplos que pode ser tão pródigo ao descrever a generosa amante como Renoir, tão doce ao apresentar a filha adorável como Degas, tão condolente, tão cheio de respeito pela idade, tão ciente das agruras ao pintar a velha madrasta -ou sua própria e querida mãe em sua abjeta miséria de imigrante- como Rembrandt, tão demoníaco, finalmente, como Daumier ao retratar a mulher adúltera que distingue, no melhor amigo de Herzog, o dedicado e intrigante Valentine Gersbach, o seu igual cruelmente teatral.</p>
<p><strong>Varão suscetível</strong><br />
Em toda a literatura não conheço varão mais suscetível, não conheço homem que concentre maior foco ou intensidade em seu relacionamento com mulheres do que esse Herzog, que as coleciona ora como adorável pretendente, ora como marido -um marido chifrudo, a levar uma bela enrabada, o qual, no esplendor de sua fúria ciumenta e na ingenuidade de seu cego desvelo marital, é uma espécie de amálgama, no registro das histórias em quadrinhos, do general Otelo e de Charles Bovary. Quem quiser se divertir recontando &#8220;Madame Bovary&#8221; da perspectiva de Charles ou &#8220;Ana Karenina&#8221; da de Karenin encontrará em &#8220;Herzog&#8221; o perfeito guia prático (não que se imagine facilmente Karenin, à la Herzog com Gersbach, entregando a Vronski o diafragma de Ana).<br />
&#8220;Herzog&#8221; aspira a ser um romance ainda mais rico do que &#8220;Augie March&#8221; precisamente porque o fato de Bellow trazer a bordo, pela primeira vez, toda a carga sexual abre espaço para que um estigma de sofrimento, largamente excluído de &#8220;Augie&#8221; e de &#8220;Henderson&#8221;, penetre em seu mundo ficcional. Resulta que tanto mais é revelado no herói de Bellow pelo sofrimento que pela euforia. Quão mais digno de crédito, quão mais importante ele se torna quando a ferida máscula, em sua enormidade supurante, devasta o apetite eufórico pelo &#8220;rico bolo da vida&#8221;, e a vulnerabilidade à humilhação, à traição, à melancolia, ao cansaço, à perda, à paranóia, à obsessão e ao desespero dá prova de ser tão arrebatadora que nem um otimismo inflexível como o de Augie ou um gigantismo mítico como o de Henderson são capazes de afastar a verdade sobre a dor. Uma vez que Bellow enxerta na intensidade de Henderson -e no gosto de Augie March por tipos grandiosos e encontros dramáticos- o desamparo de Tommy Wilhelm, ele põe em movimento toda a sinfonia bellowiana, com sua orquestração luxuriantemente cômica da desventura.<br />
Em &#8220;Herzog&#8221; não há uma ação cronológica continuada -mal-e-mal há ação- que se passe fora do cérebro de Herzog. Não é que, como contador de histórias, Bellow imite Faulkner em &#8220;O Som e a Fúria&#8221; ou Virginia Woolf em &#8220;As Ondas&#8221;. O longo monólogo interior de &#8220;Herzog&#8221;, cambiante e fragmentário como é, parece ter mais em comum com o &#8220;Diário de um Louco&#8221; de Gogol, no qual a percepção desarticulada é ditada pelo estado mental do protagonista, e não pela impaciência do autor com meios tradicionais de narração. Mas o que torna louco o louco de Gogol e o que torna são o de Bellow é que o louco de Gogol, incapaz de escutar a si mesmo, empalidece ante a corrente espontânea de ironia e paródia que serpenteia por cada pensamento de Herzog -mesmo quando Herzog está mais aturdido- e que é inseparável da imagem que faz de si e de seu desastre, por lancinante que seja sua dor.<br />
Na história de Gogol, o louco obtém um maço de cartas escritas por uma cadela, pertencendo o animal à jovem por quem está perdidamente (insanamente) enamorado. Febril, ele se senta para ler cada palavra que a brilhante cadela escreveu, à cata de alguma referência a ele próprio. Em &#8220;Herzog&#8221;, Bellow dá um passo além de Gogol -a brilhante cadela que escreve as cartas é Herzog. Cartas a sua finada mãe, à amante viva, ao presidente Eisenhower, ao comissário de polícia de Chicago, a Adlai Stevenson, a Nietzsche (&#8220;Meu caro senhor, permita-me fazer uma pergunta do chão&#8221;), a Teilhard de Chardin (&#8220;Caro padre, (&#8230;) está a molécula de carbono imersa em pensamento?&#8221;), a Heidegger (&#8220;Caro doktor professor, (&#8230;) gostaria de saber o que o senhor quer dizer com a expressão &#8220;a queda no cotidiano&#8221;. Quando ocorreu essa queda? Onde estávamos quando aconteceu?&#8221;), ao departamento de crédito da Marshall Field &amp; Co. (&#8220;Não sou mais responsável pelas dívidas de Madeleine P. Herzog&#8221;) e mesmo, no fim, uma carta a Deus (&#8220;Como lutou meu espírito para ver as coisas de forma coerente! Não me saí lá muito bem. Mas foi meu desejo fazer a vossa inescrutável vontade, aceitando-a, e a Vós, sem símbolos. Tudo do mais intenso significado. Especialmente se despido de mim&#8221;).<br />
Esse livro de mil delícias tem seu ápice nessas cartas,  que são a melhor chave para descerrar a notável inteligência de Herzog e ingressar nas profundezas de seu  transtorno com o naufrágio de sua vida.<br />
As cartas são sua intensidade demonstrada; fornecem  o palco para o seu teatro intelectual, o espetáculo de um  homem só no qual é ao menos provável que ele atue no  papel de palhaço.</p>
<p><strong>5 &#8211; A sociedade bizarra e &#8220;O Planeta do Sr. Sammler&#8221; </strong></p>
<p>&#8220;É louca, a nossa espécie?&#8221;. Uma pergunta swiftiana.  Uma nota igualmente swiftiana na lacônica resposta  sammleriana: &#8220;Ao que tudo indica&#8221;.<br />
Ao ler &#8220;Mr. Sammler&#8217;s Planet&#8221;, ocorrem-me as &#8220;Viagens de Gulliver&#8221;: pelo esmagador estranhamento do  herói com a Nova York dos anos 60; pela censura com  que ele, com sua história, encarna ao status humano daqueles cuja &#8220;loucura sexual&#8221; tem de testemunhar; pela  sua obsessão gulliveriana com a natureza física, a biologia humana, a aversão quase mítica nele evocada pelo  corpo, sua aparência, suas funções, suas urgências, seus  prazeres, suas secreções e odores. Depois há a preocupação com a radical perecibilidade da existência física.<br />
Como um frágil e deslocado refugiado do horror do Holocausto, como alguém que escapou miraculosamente da carnificina nazista, que se ergueu, com um olho só, de uma pilha de cadáveres judeus dados como mortos por um esquadrão de extermínio alemão, o sr. Sammler exprime perfeitamente aquele mais desnorteante dos golpes à confiança cívica -o desaparecimento, numa metrópole, da segurança, da proteção, e, com ele, a propagação entre os vulneráveis da paranóia alienante, repassada de medo.<br />
Pois é medo tal como aversão que vicia a fé de Sammler na espécie e ameaça sua tolerância, mesmo por quem lhe é mais próximo -medo da &#8220;alma (&#8230;) nessa veemência (&#8230;) o extremismo e o fanatismo da natureza humana&#8221;. Tendo ido além do espírito aventureiro à la Crusoé dos ardentes Augie e Henderson para esboçar, como farsa sombria, a traição conjugal de Herzog, gênio incompreendido, Bellow abre a seguir sua imaginação contemplativa a uma das maiores de todas as traições, ao menos como a percebe a vítima-refugiado Sammler em sua repulsa swiftiana pelos anos 60: a traição do ideal civilizado pelas espécies ensandecidas.<br />
Herzog, durante seus momentos de sofrimento mais cruciantes, admite a si mesmo: &#8220;Não consigo entender!&#8221;. Mas, apesar da reserva oxoniana e do desprendimento cultivado do velho Sammler, no clímax de sua aventura -com dissolução, desordem e anomia no interior da rede de sua família vivamente excêntrica e, para além dela, nas ruas, no metrô, nos ônibus, nas lojas e nas salas da Universidade de Nova York-, a confissão que se arranca dele (e que, a meu ver, constitui o mote do livro) é muito mais chocante: &#8220;Estou horrorizado!&#8221;.<br />
O triunfo de &#8220;Mr. Sammler&#8217;s Planet&#8221; é a invenção de Sammler, com as credenciais que lhe advêm de sua educação européia -a sua história de sofrimento e o seu olho cegado pelos nazistas- como &#8220;o arquivista da loucura&#8221;. A justaposição dos apuros pessoais do protagonista aos pormenores das forças sociais que ele encontra, a exatidão retumbante, irônica, dessa justaposição, é responsável aqui pelo impacto, tal como em toda ficção memorável. Sammler, bruscamente posto de lado por sua condição de dignidade indefensável, parece-me o instrumento perfeito para receber tudo quanto há de bizarro e ameaçador na sociedade, a vítima histórica abundantemente qualificada pela experiência para fornecer, com eficácia, uma perspectiva dura e áspera do século 20 acerca da &#8220;humanidade numa situação revolucionária&#8221;.<br />
Pergunto-me o que veio antes na evolução do livro, a  loucura ou o arquivista, Sammler ou os anos 60.</p>
<p><strong>6 &#8211; O despudorado &#8220;Legado de Humboldt&#8221; </strong></p>
<p>&#8220;O Legado de Humboldt&#8221; é de longe o mais amalucado dos eufóricos e cabais romances cômicos que atiram para todos os lados, dos livros que tomam corpo no ápice mesmo da oscilação de humor bellowiana -a alegre música da egosfera que é &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, &#8220;Henderson&#8221; e &#8220;Humboldt&#8221; e que Bellow emite de forma mais ou menos periódica, entre um intervalo e outro em que se entoca nos seus sombrios romances &#8220;fundo do poço&#8221;, tais como &#8220;The Victim&#8221;, &#8220;Agarre a Vida&#8221;, &#8220;Mr. Sammler&#8217;s Planet&#8221; e &#8220;Dezembro Fatal&#8221; (Rocco), nos quais a dor lancinante oriunda das feridas dos heróis não é levada na brincadeira nem por eles nem por Bellow.<br />
(&#8220;Herzog&#8221; parece-me supremo entre os romances de Bellow por sua integração mágica dessa divergência característica. Se alguém quiser bancar o mestre-cuca literário e transformar &#8220;O Legado de Humboldt&#8221; em &#8220;Herzog&#8221;, a receita, bem simples, talvez seja a seguinte: primeiro, corte e ponha de lado Humboldt; depois, extraia de Humboldt seu doído sofrimento e junte-o ao brilhantismo reflexivo de Citrine; por último, acrescente Gersbach e eis aí o seu livro. É a traição de Gersbach que atiça em Herzog a paranóia assassina que é estimulada em Humboldt, entre outros, por Citrine!)<br />
&#8220;Humboldt&#8221; é o mais amalucado, com o que quero dizer também a mais despudorada das comédias, mais sinuosa e carnavalesca que as outras, o único livro libidinoso jovialmente franco de Bellow e, com justiça, a fusão mais estouvadamente híbrida de estilos disparatados -e por uma razão paradoxalmente impositiva: o terror de Citrine. Terror de quê? Da mortalidade, de ser obrigado a fazer frente (a despeito do seu sucesso, da grande eminência que é) à sina de Humboldt. Subjacente ao animado envolvimento do livro com as lutas, as comilanças, as rapinagens, os ódios e a destruição do mundo improvisado de Charlie Citrine, subjacente a tudo, inclusive à maneira centrífuga de narrar do livro -e exposto de forma bastante direta na ânsia de Citrine de metabolizar o desafio da antroposofia de Rudolf Steiner, refratária à extinção- está seu terror da morte. O que desorienta Citrine é, aliás, o que insufla decoro narrativo no além: o pânico do esquecimento, o bom e velho horror à morte que todos têm.<br />
&#8220;Que triste&#8221;, diz Citrine, &#8220;toda essa maluquice humana que nos afasta da verdade&#8221;. Mas a maluquice humana é justamente do que ele gosta -pelo menos gosta de contar- e o que mais lhe agrada em estar vivo. De novo: &#8220;Quando (&#8230;) me alçarei (&#8230;) sobre tudo o que é (&#8230;) superficial e aleatoriamente humano (&#8230;) para ingressar em mundos superiores?&#8221;. Mundos superiores? Onde estaria Citrine -onde Bellow estaria- sem que o aleatoriamente humano guiasse o superdrama do mundo inferior, o desejo mundano de fama (tal qual exibido por Von Humboldt Fleisher, a contrapartida azarada, mentalmente comprometida do afortunado, do saudável Citrine -Humboldt, que quer ser místico e ganhar na vida de uma só vez, cujo pesadelo do fracasso é a pobre caricatura do sucesso de Citrine), de dinheiro (Humboldt, Thaxter, Denise, e mais a señora, mãe de Renata, e mais Julius, o irmão de Citrine, e mais praticamente todo o resto), de vingança (Denise, Cantabile), de consideração (Humboldt, Cantabile, Thaxter, Citrine), do mais picante sexo picante (Citrine, Renata et alii), sem falar do mais mundano dos desejos mundanos, o do próprio Citrine, o anseio obstinado pela vida eterna?<br />
Por que Citrine quer tão febrilmente jamais deixar o mundo se não por essa imersão fugaz na violência e na turbulência da cupidez burlesca por ele depreciativamente chamada de &#8220;inferno debilóide&#8221;? &#8220;Alguns indivíduos&#8221;, diz ele, &#8220;são tão reais que dissipam meus poderes críticos&#8221;. E dissipam qualquer desejo de trocar sequer o contato com o caráter vicioso deles pela serenidade do mundo eterno. Onde senão no inferno debilóide poderia a sua &#8220;complicada subjetividade&#8221; ter tanto a assimilar? Num fim de mundo qualquer, trocando nostalgicamente histórias do inferno debilóide com o espectro de Rudolf Steiner? E não é algo como o mesmo inferno debilóide que Charlie Citrine comemora agitado ao vê-lo grassar em ruas, tribunais, dormitórios, restaurantes de Chicago que tanto enoja Arthur Sammler em sua encarnação diabólica na Manhattan dos anos 60? &#8220;O Legado de Humboldt&#8221; parece o tônico revigorante que Bellow preparou para se recobrar da mágoa aflitiva e do sofrimento moral de &#8220;Mr. Sammler&#8217;s Planet&#8221;. É a versão prazenteira que Bellow faz do &#8220;Eclesiastes&#8221;: tudo é vaidade, e isso não é uma maravilha?!</p>
<p><strong>Chicago, Chicago </strong><br />
O que ele faz em Chicago?<br />
Humboldt sobre Citrine (minha edição, pág. 2): &#8220;Depois de ele fazer uma grana dessas, por que foi se enterrar no cafundó-do-judas? O que ele está fazendo em Chicago?&#8221;.<br />
Citrine sobre si mesmo (pág. 63): &#8220;Meu espírito estava  num daqueles humores típicos de Chicago. Como explicar esse fenômeno?&#8221;.<br />
Citrine sobre ser um chicagoano (pág. 95): &#8220;Sentia a  necessidade de rir que me subia, que montava, sempre  um sinal de que meu fraco pelo sensacional, meu anseio  americano, chicagoano (e também pessoal) por estímulos sublimes, por incongruências e extremos, tinha sido  despertado&#8221;.<br />
E (adiante, na pág. 95): &#8220;Tal informação sobre corrupção, se a pessoa crescera em Chicago, era fácil de assimilar. Satisfazia até uma certa necessidade. Harmonizava com a visão de Chicago que se tinha da sociedade&#8221;.<br />
Por outro lado, sobre o fato de Citrine sentir-se deslocado em Chicago (pág. 225): &#8220;Em Chicago meus objetivos pessoais eram bobagem, meu ponto de vista, uma ideologia estranha&#8221;. E (pág. 251): &#8220;Agora estava claro para mim que eu não era nem de Chicago nem suficientemente de além dela e que os interesses e fenômenos materiais e corriqueiros de Chicago não me eram nem concretos, nem vivos o suficiente, nem simbolicamente claros&#8221;.<br />
Tendo em mente esses comentários -e há vários outros como esses dispersos pelo livro-, voltem os olhos para os anos 40 e observem que Bellow estreou como escritor sem Chicago ter organizado a idéia que fazia de si próprio do modo que o faz Charles Citrine. Sim, algumas ruas de Chicago são de vez em quando incluídas como tela de fundo em &#8220;Dangling Man&#8221;, mas, fora a difusa atmosfera de desalento, Chicago parece um lugar quase estranho ao herói; certamente é alheio para ele. &#8220;Dangling Man&#8221; não é um livro sobre um homem numa cidade -é sobre um espírito num quarto. Apenas no terceiro livro, &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, Bellow apreende inteiramente Chicago como aquele valioso naco de propriedade literária, aquele sítio americano tangível, açambarcante, que lhe cabia reclamar de modo tão imperioso quanto a Sicília fora monopolizada por Verga, Londres por Dickens e o rio Mississippi por Mark Twain. Foi com uma hesitação ou cautela comparável que Faulkner (o outro dos dois maiores regionalistas americanos do século 20) adquiriu a propriedade imaginativa do Condado Lafayette, Mississippi. Faulkner situou seu primeiro livro, &#8220;Soldier&#8217;s Pay&#8221; (1926), na Geórgia, seu segundo, &#8220;Mosquitoes&#8221; (1927), em Nova Orleans, e foi só com a explosão magistral de &#8220;Sartoris&#8221;, &#8220;O Som e a Fúria&#8221; e &#8220;Enquanto Agonizo&#8221;, em 1929-30, que ele descobriu -tal como Bellow depois de dar os seus primeiros passos geográficos improvisados- a locação precisa para engendrar aqueles combates humanos que, por sua vez, inflamariam sua intensidade e provocariam aquela resposta apaixonada a um lugar e sua história que, por vezes, impulsionam as frases de Faulkner para a beira da ininteligibilidade e mais além.<br />
Pergunto-me se, no início, Bellow se furtou a tomar Chicago como sua simplesmente porque não queria ficar conhecido como um escritor de Chicago -tão pouco, talvez, quanto queria ficar conhecido como um escritor judeu. Sim, você é de Chicago, e é claro que é um judeu, mas como essas coisas vão figurar em sua obra, se é que devem sequer figurar, não é coisa que se resolva de uma hora para a outra. Depois, você tem outras ambições, inspiradas por seus mestres europeus, por Dostoiévski, Gogol, Proust, Kafka, e tais ambições não implicam escrever sobre os vizinhos papagueando na varanda&#8230; Será que essa linha de raciocínio guardava alguma semelhança com a de Bellow, antes de ele finalmente lançar mão do que era imediatamente local?<br />
Claro, depois de &#8220;Augie&#8221; se passaram uns dez anos  antes que, em &#8220;Herzog&#8221;, Bellow adotasse Chicago outra  vez de forma grandiosa. Desde então, a distinta &#8220;visão  de Chicago&#8221; lhe tem sido de interesse recorrente, em especial quando a cidade fornece, como em &#8220;Humboldt&#8221;,  um contraste de proporções comicamente elucidativas  entre &#8220;a vida aberta que é rudimentar, fácil de todos lerem, e típica desse lugar, Chicago, Illinois&#8221; e o pendor  reflexivo do preocupado herói. Esse combate, vigorosamente explorado, está no cerne de &#8220;Humboldt&#8221;, assim  como no de seu romance seguinte, &#8220;Dezembro Fatal&#8221;  (1982). Nele, porém, a exploração não é cômica, mas  rancorosa. A depravação se agrava, a atmosfera escurece, e sob a pressão de violentos antagonismos raciais,  Chicago, Illinois, se torna demoníaca.<br />
&#8220;Em seu próprio gramado (&#8230;) ele descobriu uma selva mais selvagem que a floresta da Guiana (&#8230;) desolação, (&#8230;) infinitas milhas quadradas de ruína, (&#8230;) feridas, lesões, cancros, fúria destruidora, morte, (&#8230;) a terrível selvageria e pavor nesse lugar enorme.&#8221;<br />
O próprio argumento do livro é que esse lugar enorme não é mais de Bellow. Nem de Augie, nem de Herzog, nem de Citrine. Na altura em que escreveu &#8220;Dezembro Fatal&#8221;, cerca de 30 anos depois de &#8220;Augie March&#8221;, seu herói, Dean Corde, se tornara o Sammler da cidade.<br />
O que ele está fazendo em Chicago? Esse chicagoano  martirizado não sabe mais. Bellow foi banido.</p>
<hr size="1" noshade="noshade" /><span> <strong>Philip Roth</strong> é escritor norte-americano, autor, entre outros, de &#8220;O Teatro de Sabbath&#8221; e &#8220;Casei com um Comunista&#8221; (Companhia das Letras). Este texto foi publicado originalmente na revista &#8220;The New Yorker&#8221;.<br />
Tradução de <strong>José Marcos Macedo</strong>.</span></p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/291/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=291&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/philip-roth-relendo-saul-bellow/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/bellow2.jpg?w=300" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">bellow2</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Miracles of Life: J.G. Ballard&#8217;s Pre-posthumous Memoir</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/miracles-of-life-jg-ballards-pre-posthumous-memoir/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/miracles-of-life-jg-ballards-pre-posthumous-memoir/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2009 05:03:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=284</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A surreal sort of life by MARK DERY
published: February 12, 2009 on the LA Weekly

Illustration by Kyle T. Webster
J.G. Ballard, the forensic pathologist who autopsied the 20th century, has turned his scalpel on himself — pre-posthumously. In his new autobiography, Miracles of Life: Shanghai to Shepperton (released last year in the U.K. but without a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=284&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://www.laweekly.com/content/printVersion/463808">A surreal sort of life</a> by MARK DERY<br />
published: February 12, 2009 on the <a href="http://www.laweekly.com">LA Weekly</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.laweekly.com/photoGallery/?gallery=463808"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-283" title="301998741" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/301998741.jpg?w=200&#038;h=192" alt="301998741" width="200" height="192" /></a></p>
<p>Illustration by Kyle T. Webster</p>
<p><strong>J.G. Ballard, the forensic</strong> pathologist who autopsied the 20th century, has turned his scalpel on himself — pre-posthumously. In his new autobiography, <em>Miracles of Life: Shanghai to Shepperton</em> (released last year in the U.K. but without a U.S. publisher for now), Ballard dissects the extraordinary life behind <em>Empire of the Sun</em>, his earlier, fictionalized account of coming of age in a World War II internment camp for British residents of Japanese-occupied Shanghai.Readers who discovered the 78-year-old novelist through the uncharacteristically naturalistic — and, thanks to the 1987 Spielberg film based on the book, uncharacteristically best-selling — <em>Empire</em> will be surprised to hear Shanghai Jim’s adventures in the Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center retold in the first person, without the deadpan-Surrealist voice-over and with an unflinching self-analysis that cuts to the bone, lightened by flashes of wit.</p>
<p>In <em>Miracles</em>, Ballard plays analyst to an engagingly garrulous and profoundly self-aware patient named James Ballard. It is a role he would have played in real life if the typewriter had not beckoned. Having returned to England with his mother and sister after the war (his father stayed behind in Shanghai), Ballard encountered Freud and, in books on abnormal psychology, Freud’s unruly grandchildren the Surrealists. Both landed in the drawing room of his middle-class English mind like “a stick of bombs,” he recalls. “I felt, and still do, that psychoanalysis and surrealism were a key to the truth about existence and the human personality, and also a key to myself.” In 1949, he began his studies at King’s College, Cambridge, with the intention of becoming a psychiatrist, but after two years, realizing that he was more interested in writing than psychiatry, he dropped out.</p>
<p>Still, shrinks abound in Ballard’s work, many of them poker-faced mouthpieces for the author’s ironic polemics: Dr. Wilder Penrose in <em>Super-Cannes</em> (2001), arguing that “a perverse sexual act can liberate the visionary self in even the dullest soul”; Dr. David Markham in <em>Millennium People</em> (2003), coolly observing that in Blair’s England “a vicious boredom ruled the world for the first time in human history, interrupted by meaningless acts of violence”; Dr. Tony Maxted in <em>Kingdom Come</em> (2006), opining that psychopathy is “the only guarantee of freedom from all the cant and bullshit and sales commercials fed to us by politicians, bishops and academics.”</p>
<p>In a very real sense, Ballard <em>did</em> become a psychiatrist, albeit a dryly ironic one, at ease with his philosophical bipolar disorder — now profoundly moralistic, now exuberantly amoral, now both. All of his dystopias are in truth pathological utopias; Ballard rejoices in the breakdown of bourgeois morality and the Return of the Repressed. Like the Freud of <em>Civilization and Its Discontents</em>, he can always hear the scrabbling of our sublimated instinctual drives behind Western society’s liberal-humanist facade. But unlike Freud, and like R.D. Laing, Norman O. Brown and other radical Freudians of the ’60s, Ballard is equally wary of the soft fascism of our master-planned, socially engineered age, with its megamalls and Club Meds, its gated communities and New Urbanist retrovilles. “In a completely sane world, madness is the only freedom” is a copyrighted Ballard quote.</p>
<p>Ballard’s genius lies in his metaphoric use of scientific jargon and an antiseptic tone, somewhere between the dissecting table and the psychopathic ward, to psychoanalyze postmodernity. Long before deconstructionists like Jacques Derrida were slinging around references to the “decentered” self, Ballard is talking, in his trenchant introduction to <em>Crash</em> (1973), about “the most terrifying casualty of the century: the death of affect” and about “the increasing blurring and intermingling of identities within the realm of consumer goods.” Before postmodernists like Jean Baudrillard were announcing the Death of the Real and its unsettling replacement by uncannily convincing media simulations, Ballard is claiming that “we live in a world ruled by fictions of every kind” — advertising, “politics conducted as a branch of advertising,” P.R. “pseudo-events,” et al. — where “Freud’s classic distinction between the latent and manifest content of a dream, between the apparent and the real, now needs to be applied to the external world of so-called reality.” And before neo-Marxists like Fredric Jameson and Mike Davis were pondering the deeper meanings of the Westin Bonaventure Hotel and Frank Gehry’s Hollywood library, Ballard is pondering the psycho-spatial effects of the built environment: the experience of swooping around a freeway cloverleaf; of walking through a cavernous, empty multistory parking garage; of waiting, alone, in an airport departure lounge; of walking the privately policed streets of an obsessively manicured exurban community. How, Ballard wonders, is our sense of our selves as social beings and moral actors — our very understanding of what it means to <em>be</em> a self — being transformed (deformed?) by the whip-lashing hyperacceleration of technology and the media, the blurring of the distinction between real and fake? Ballard was the first to ask how we became posthuman.</p>
<p>In <em>Miracles</em>, however,he turns his gaze inward. Or maybe he’s just X-raying his own life in order to diagnose the everyday pathologies of 20th-century parenting and the diseases of the English psyche. In the affluent expatriate community of prewar Shanghai, Ballard’s father, a chemist for a textile manufacturer, and his mother, a Lady Who Lunches, orbit past young Jim on the social whirligig of life, hosting “elaborately formal dinner parties” or playing cricket at the Country Club. “Children were an appendage to the parents, somewhere between the servants and an obedient Labrador.”</p>
<p>But the Japanese occupation of Shanghai made a mockery of the societal super ego of British empire, and Lunghua, where the guards were the only power that mattered, rendered parental authority impotent. Jamie the uniformed English schoolboy morphs, before our eyes, into Shanghai Jim the wild boy, idolizing the wisecracking American merchant seamen interned at Lunghua, befriending the young Japanese soldiers (whose warrior code impresses him), and “tucking in lustily” to his plate of boiled rice and what his mother euphemistically called “weevils” but were more likely maggots, an important source of protein for internees on starvation rations.</p>
<p>For the irrepressibly optimistic Ballard, his two-and-a-half years in Lunghua were profoundly liberating. “Lunghua Camp may have been a prison of a kind,” he writes, “but it was a prison where I found freedom” — freedom from class anxiety, emotional repression and other neuroses of the English psyche. He socializes freely with people of every age and class. But “the most important consequence of internment was that for the first time in my life I was extremely close to my parents” — literally, since he “slept, ate, read, dressed and undressed within a few feet of them” in a tiny room.</p>
<p>But even the forced intimacy of Lunghua couldn’t entirely thaw the emotional frigidity between the young Jim and his parents. “Lying in bed at night, I could, if I wanted to, reach out and touch my mother’s hand,” he writes, adding, in one of the book’s most painfully poignant afterthoughts, “though I never did.” By the very nature of the situation, his parents were powerless, with “no say in what we ate, no power in how we lived or ability to shape events.” This sows the seeds of an estrangement that lasts long past Lunghua, to the end of his parents’ lives — an ache Ballard seems to feel, even now. (When he publishes his first novel, his father, by then a distant mirage, calls to congratulate him, “pointing out one or two minor errors that I was careful not to correct. My mother never showed the slightest interest in my career until <em>Empire of the Sun</em>, which she thought was about her.”)</p>
<p>Nonetheless, his brief-lived intimacy with his parents in Lunghua profoundly shaped the unabashedly affectionate father he would become to his three children — the “miracles of life” to whom he dedicates the book. In contrast to the hushed mausoleum of his boyhood home in Shanghai, Ballard’s house in the London suburb of Shepperton “was a chaotic, friendly brawl, as a naked parent dripping from the bath broke up a squabble between the girls over a favorite crayon, while their brother triumphantly strutted in his mother’s damp footprints. Mayhem ruled.”</p>
<p><strong>In 1964, after his young wife Mary dies</strong> suddenly from pneumonia, Ballard — pardon the pop psych — becomes the dad his father never was. (Freud may have served as a surrogate, as Ballard hints when he notes that “Freud’s serene and masterful tone, his calm assumption that psychoanalysis could reveal the complete truth about modern man and his discontents, appealed to me powerfully, <em>especially in the absence of my own father</em>.” Italics added.) Fathers singlehandedly raising their children were “extremely rare in the 1960s,” writes Ballard, but he delighted in the role. “Some fathers make good mothers, and I hope I was one of them,” he writes, “though most of the women who know me would say that I made a very slatternly mother, notably unkeen on housework, unaware that homes need to be cleaned now and then, and too often to be found with a cigarette in one hand and a drink in the other — in short, the kind of mother, no doubt loving and easygoing, of whom the social services deeply disapprove.”</p>
<p>Ballard has no regrets. Watching Fay, Beatrice and Jim grow up was “the richest and happiest” time of his life. If this makes <em>Miracles</em> sound overly Oprah-friendly — a cross between <em>Running With Scissors</em> and the Bataan Death March, with a three-hankie ending and the requisite “closure” — it isn’t. There’s too much darkness in this long life — the casual brutality of prewar Shanghai, the senseless tragedy of his wife’s death — to make a Hallmark Movie out of <em>Miracles</em>. And Ballard’s tone, while affable — waggish, even — and hugely generous of spirit throughout, is matter-of-factly unsentimental (the better part of British reserve?). Even when he drops the bomb, in the book’s last pages, that he’s battling advanced prostate cancer, the equanimity with which he steps lightly across the threshold of his own mortality is powerfully affecting.</p>
<p>It’s not yet time to write Ballard’s epitaph, but when it comes, his poetic, almost liturgical credo, “What I Believe” (1984), will do nicely:</p>
<blockquote><p>I believe in the power of the imagination to remake the world, to release the truth within us, to hold back the night, to transcend death, to charm motorways, to ingratiate ourselves with birds, to enlist the confidences of madmen.</p>
<p>I believe in the non-existence of the past, in the death of the future, and the infinite possibilities of the present.</p></blockquote>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/284/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=284&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/miracles-of-life-jg-ballards-pre-posthumous-memoir/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/301998741.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">301998741</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Saul Bellow por Martin Amis</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/saul-bellow-por-martin-amis/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/saul-bellow-por-martin-amis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2009 04:57:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=281</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Folha de S. Paulo (15/02/2004) + literatura
Por Martin Amis
CELEBRAÇÃO DAS VIRTUDES TRANSFORMADORAS DA PAIXÃO  FAZ DE SAUL BELLOW UM DOS DOIS PRINCIPAIS ESCRITORES  NORTE-AMERICANOS, SÓ COMPARÁVEL A HENRY JAMES 
Amor, sublime amor 
 



Divulgação

O contista e romancista Saul Bellow (1915), que ganhou o Nobel de Literatura em 1976



 Ao passo que a poesia [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=281&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/mais/fs1502200404.htm"><strong><span style="color:#000080;font-size:xx-small;">Folha de S. Paulo (15/02/2004) + literatura</span></strong></a></p>
<p><strong>Por Martin Amis</strong></p>
<p><strong>CELEBRAÇÃO DAS VIRTUDES TRANSFORMADORAS DA PAIXÃO  FAZ DE SAUL BELLOW UM DOS DOIS PRINCIPAIS ESCRITORES  NORTE-AMERICANOS, SÓ COMPARÁVEL A HENRY JAMES </strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:large;"><strong>Amor, sublime amor </strong></span></p>
<p><!--Fotografia/Auto/Inicio--> <!--FOTO--></p>
<table border="0" width="360">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span>Divulgação</span><br />
<img src="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/images/m1502200401.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></td>
<td valign="bottom"><span><em>O contista e romancista Saul Bellow (1915), que ganhou o Nobel de Literatura em 1976</em></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><!--/FOTO--> <!--Fotografia/Auto/Final-->Ao passo que a poesia inglesa &#8220;não pede licença a ninguém&#8221;, afirmou E.M. Forster em 1927, a ficção inglesa &#8220;é menos triunfante&#8221;: havia o problema dos franceses e dos russos. Forster publicou seu último romance, &#8220;Passagem para a Índia&#8221;, em 1924, mas viveu até 1970 -tempo suficiente para testemunhar uma profunda alteração no equilíbrio de poderes. A ficção russa, tão loucamente robusta nos primeiros anos do século 20 (Bulgákov, Zamiátin, Biéli, Búnin), fora varrida da face da terra; a ficção francesa parecia haver-se extraviado por periferias filosóficas e ensaísticas; e a ficção inglesa (que ainda aguardava a infusão crucial dos &#8220;coloniais&#8221;) parecia, bem, parecia incuravelmente inglesa, isto é, incuravelmente inerte e paroquiana. Nesse meio tempo, como em obediência às realidades políticas, a ficção norte-americana assumia seu destino manifesto. O romance americano, agora dominante, era por sua vez dominado pelo romance judaico-americano, e todo mundo sabe quem o dominava: Saul Bellow. Sua primazia repousava e repousa não sobre vendagens e títulos honoríficos, rosetas e faixas, mas sobre uma incontestável legitimidade. Dizer o contrário é perda de tempo. Bellow vê mais do que vemos -vê, ouve, cheira, prova e toca.</p>
<p><strong>Pela metade </strong><br />
Comparados a ele, nós todos só sentimos pela metade; e, também em termos intelectuais, suas frases simplesmente pesam mais do que as de quem quer que seja. John Updike e Philip Roth, provavelmente os dois autores em melhor posição para rivalizar com Bellow ou suceder a ele, já reconheceram que sua primazia não é mera questão de anos corridos. A egolatria é um dos ingredientes e também um dos fardos do talento literário -e um dos mais pesados; o devaneio ególatra não é, como se supõe, um estupor de auto-satisfação; é, antes, um estado de alerta vermelho. Contudo os escritores são surpreendentemente realistas quanto a hierarquias. John Berryman dizia-se &#8220;à vontade&#8221; como segundo violino de Robert Lowell; e, quando a velha nau capitânea Robert Frost foi a pique, em 1963, ele disse impulsivamente (e sem muito sentimentalismo): &#8220;É de dar medo. Quem é o número 1?&#8221;. Mas foi apenas um ímpeto. Berryman sabia o seu lugar. Com bastante impertinência, poderíamos resumir as preocupações dos romancistas judeu-americanos em uma palavra: &#8220;shiksas&#8221; (literalmente, &#8220;coisas detestáveis&#8221;). Ocorre que havia algo de unicamente fascinante no conflito entre a sensibilidade judaica e as tentações -inevitáveis- da América do Norte materialista. Ou, como diz Bellow: &#8220;Dentro de casa, o regime arcaico; fora, a tal da vida&#8221;. O regime arcaico é sombrio, ditado pelo sangue e torturado pela culpa, ascético e transcendental; a tal da vida é suja, atomizada e desprovida de reflexão. É claro que o romance judaico-americano incorpora a experiência do imigrante que deixou a &#8220;velha pátria&#8221; para trás; e a ênfase recai sobre a angústia da incorporação (forte em Roth e em Malamud também). Não se trata da angústia de ter sucesso, de subir na vida, mas sim da angústia quanto ao direito de se pronunciar, de julgar -o direito de escrever. Como conseqüência, esses romancistas trouxeram uma intensidade nova ao empenho autoral, entregando-se por inteiro, sem rota de recuo.</p>
<p><strong>&#8220;Erros nobres&#8221; </strong><br />
Muito embora a ficção judaico-americana seja muitas vezes  cômica e deflacionária, ocupada com  aquilo que &#8220;Herzog&#8221; (1964) chamava de  &#8220;erros nobres&#8221;, há algo de historicamente lúgubre por trás dela -um assomo de  brutalidade humana. As dimensões dessa brutalidade ainda não eram palpáveis  em 1944, o ano que viu o início da epopéia em série de Bellow. E os Estados  Unidos seriam em seguida vistos como  uma &#8220;terra de reparação histórica&#8221;, um  lugar em que (como escreveu Bellow,  com fria simplicidade) &#8220;os judeus não  podiam ser exterminados&#8221;.<br />
Em termos gerais, o romance judaico-americano propõe um dilema insolúvel  entre o corpo e a mente e então tenta resolvê-lo ao longo de suas páginas.  &#8220;Quando um pensamento novo apertava seu coração, ele ia até a cozinha, seu  quartel-general, para anotá-lo&#8221;, escreve  Bellow em uma página de &#8220;Herzog&#8221;.  &#8220;Quando um pensamento novo apertava seu coração&#8221;: a voz não se destaca, ela  reage ao mundo com intensa sensualidade, num pico de ruminação mental  igualmente prodigiosa e tenaz.<br />
Bellow pôde dispor de uma eflorescência que certamente deve muito a circunstâncias históricas, e só nos resta concluir,  em tom de elegia, que essa fase está por  concluir. Não há sucedâneos à vista. Terá  sido obra da &#8220;assimilação&#8221; ou será que o  processo foi mais flácido e difuso? &#8220;Até  mesmo a sua história se tornou uma das  suas opções&#8221;, observa secamente o narrador de &#8220;A Conexão Bellarosa&#8221; (1989).  &#8220;Ter ou não ter uma história era uma  &#8220;questão&#8221; inteiramente a seu discrímen.&#8221;  Lembrando o famoso ensaio que Philip  Rahv publicou em 1939, digamos que os  &#8220;Caras-Pálidas&#8221; levaram a melhor sobre  os &#8220;Peles-Vermelhas&#8221;. Roth manterá a  tradição, por algum tempo ainda. Mas  ele é o nosso Chingachgook -o último  dos moicanos.<br />
Louvor e vitupério têm lá seu lugar no controle de qualidade do jornalismo literário, mas a irracionalidade fundamental do juízo de valor se torna flagrante quando aplicada ao passado. A prática de rearranjar o cânone por motivos estéticos ou morais (hoje em dia, estes seriam políticos, isto é, igualitários) foi inapelavelmente ridicularizada por Northrop Frye em &#8220;Anatomia da Crítica&#8221; (1957): imaginar uma bolsa de valores literários, na qual as reputações &#8220;sobem e descem&#8221;, significa reduzir a crítica literária a &#8220;fofoca para a classe ociosa&#8221;.<br />
Podemos nos esforçar e caprichar nos argumentos, mas não podemos demonstrar que Milton é melhor poeta que Macaulay ou nem sequer que Milton é melhor poeta que McGonagall. A coisa é óbvia e evidente, mas não há como prová-la. Ainda assim, gostaria de fazer uma previsão bem-comportada sobre a fortuna literária, e venho por meio desta alardear que Saul Bellow há de emergir como o supremo romancista americano. Não que haja carestia de talento narrativo, que tende, como Bellow tende, para o visionário -uma qualidade indispensável à interpretação de um Novo Mundo. Mas, quando atentamos para a superfície verbal, para o instrumento, para a prosa, Bellow é &#8220;sui generis&#8221;. O que deveríamos temer? Os formulários dramáticos de Hawthorne? A momice extravagante de Melville? A ameaça sombria e intermitente de Faulkner? Não. O único americano que dá trabalho a Bellow é Henry James.</p>
<table border="0" width="250">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<hr size="2" noshade="noshade" /><strong><em>Bellow sempre sentiu que Nabokov perdia força artística por sua postura patrícia </em></strong><br />
<hr size="2" noshade="noshade" /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Todos os escritores contraem núpcias  inconscientes com seus leitores; desse  ponto de vista, a ficção de James percorre  um arco peculiar: corte, lua-de-mel, coabitação vigorosa, seguida de indiferença  e alheamento crescentes; camas separadas e, por fim, quartos separados. Como  em qualquer casamento, a relação se mede pelo teor do convívio cotidiano -pelo teor de sua linguagem. E mesmo em  seus momentos mais serenos e sedutores  (a delicadeza andrógina, o olhar maravilhosamente distante), a prosa de James  sofre de uma falha comportamental aguda. Os estudiosos da língua identificaram o hábito como &#8220;variação elegante&#8221;.</p>
<p><strong>Pseudo-elegância </strong><br />
É claro que se trata de uma ironia, uma vez que a elegância a que se aspira não é mais que pseudo-elegância, antielegância. Por exemplo: &#8220;Ela seguiu à esquerda, rumo à ponte Vecchio, e se deteve diante de um dos hotéis que dão para aquela adorável edificação&#8221;. Haveria uma outra variação para &#8220;ponte Vecchio&#8221;: que tal o mero pronome &#8220;ela&#8221;? Do mesmo modo, o &#8220;desjejum&#8221;, mais adiante, torna-se um &#8220;repasto&#8221;, e o &#8220;bule&#8221; transforma-se em &#8220;recipiente&#8221;; &#8220;Lord Warburton&#8221; torna-se &#8220;aquele nobre&#8221; ou ainda &#8220;o senhor de Lockleigh&#8221;; &#8220;cartas&#8221; transformam-se em &#8220;epístolas&#8221;; &#8220;braços&#8221;, em &#8220;membros&#8221;, e assim por diante. Além de fazer o leitor estrebuchar três vezes por frase, as variações de James são índice de outras deficiências: fidalguia, melindre e uma certa falta de calor, de franqueza e de compromisso. Todos os exemplos citados provêm de &#8220;Retrato de uma Senhora&#8221; (1881), escrito em seu generoso período intermediário. Quando penetramos o labirinto ártico que atende por James maduro, o distanciamento diante do leitor, o gosto pela introversão, é tão pronunciado quanto em Joyce e mais diabolicamente prolongado. O casamento-fantasma com o leitor é a base do equilíbrio criativo do romancista. Uma relação assim precisa ser inconsciente, silenciosa, tácita; e, naturalmente, ela precisa ser moldada pelo amor. O amor de Saul Bellow pelo leitor sempre foi subliminar, vibrante e ardoroso, na proporção certa. Ele se combina a uma outra espécie de amor para produzir o que talvez seja a singularidade de Bellow. Relendo um conto da maturidade, &#8220;À Margem do São Lourenço&#8221;, vi que eu havia sublinhado e anotado uma passagem: &#8220;Então é assim?&#8221; O trecho é o seguinte: &#8220;Ela não era uma mulher para amar, mas o garoto a amava e ela sabia bem disso. Ele os amava todos. Amava até Albert. Quando ia a Lachine, ele dividia a cama com Albert, e de manhã ele às vezes passava a mão pelos cabelos dele, e não deixava de amá-lo nem sequer quando Albert afastava com força a sua mão. Os cabelos cresciam em feixes cerrados, um ao lado do outro. Essas observações, Rexler viria a saber, constituíam toda a sua vida -o seu ser-, e era o amor que as produzia. Para cada traço físico havia um sentimento correspondente. Unidos assim, em pares, eles iam e vinham, para dentro e para fora de sua alma.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Nabokov </strong><br />
Pois assim é. Entre outras razões, celebra-se o amor por suas virtudes transformadoras; e é com amor, em consonância com sua necessidade imperiosa de comemorar e preservar (&#8220;Sou o vingador dos candidatos ao esquecimento&#8221;), que Bellow transforma o mundo: &#8220;Napoleon Street, podre, minúscula, suja e desvairada, esburacada, açoitada pelo mau tempo -os filhos do contrabandista de bebida recitando orações antigas. A essas coisas o coração de Moses estava ligado com firmeza. Havia ali uma gama de sentimentos humanos muito mais ampla do que ele jamais vira. Os filhos da raça, por um milagre infalível, abriam os olhos para um mundo estranho atrás do outro, era após era, e pronunciavam a mesma oração em todos eles, amando sofregamente o que encontravam. O que podia haver de errado em Napoleon Street?, pensou Herzog. Tudo o que ele queria estava ali.&#8221; &#8220;Sou americano, de Chicago&#8221;, diz Augie March, logo de saída. Bem poderia ter sido: &#8220;Sou russo, nascido no Québec, e me mudei para Chicago aos 9 anos de idade&#8221;. E Bellow é russo, um Tolstói por sua pureza e amplitude. O que nos conduz a um outro fantasma de São Petersburgo: Vladimir Nabokov. Admirador sincero de &#8220;Pnin&#8221; e &#8220;Lolita&#8221;, Bellow sempre sentiu que Nabokov perdia força artística por sua postura patrícia (a falha jamesiana), a mesma que nos distancia de &#8220;Ada&#8221;, sua obra máxima, em que o vínculo com o leitor simplesmente desaparece. Nabokov não era um imigrante (&#8220;pare de dar uma de maldito imigrante&#8221;, diz o irmão mais velho de Herzog no funeral de seu pai); Nabokov foi sempre um &#8220;émigré&#8221;. Não tinha como se tornar americano: estava apenas fazendo uma &#8220;tour&#8221; pelos cortiços (aliás, com grande deleite). Quando criança, e para sua enorme vantagem, Bellow pôde ver como um cortiço abriga a maior gama possível de sentimentos humanos e ao mesmo tempo dirige a vista para cima, para o transcendente.</p>
<p><strong>Palavras exclusivas </strong><br />
Alguns anos  atrás, tive uma conversa curiosa com um  romancista prolífico que acabara de reler  &#8220;As Aventuras de Augie March&#8221;. Falávamos do livro até que ele disse, pensando  que estava trocando de assunto: &#8220;Fui hoje para o meu escritório e não consegui  nada. Nem uma frase, nem uma palavra.  Pensei: &#8220;Estou vazio&#8217;&#8221;. Respondi: &#8220;Fique  tranqüilo, a culpa não é sua, foi &#8220;Augie  March&#8217;&#8221;.<br />
Pois a mesma coisa acontecera comigo.  É o tipo de coisa que Bellow pode causar  com a sua prosa fluida e ardente: parece  que todas as frases, todas as palavras pertencem exclusivamente a ele. Ao mesmo  tempo em que podemos compartilhar o  entusiasmo utópico de Augie quando,  no México, por volta de 1940, reduzido a  quase nada, ele vê de relance ninguém  menos que Leon Trótski:<br />
&#8220;Acho que o que mexeu comigo foi a impressão instantânea de que ele traçava seu rumo pelas grandes estrelas, pelas razões mais altas, e era capaz de falar as palavras humanas mais importantes e os termos mais universais. Quando você está reduzido, como eu estava, a uma navegação bem diferente dessa outra, grandiosa e estelar, quando você está só chapinhando na água rasa, catando mariscos, é bom ver de relance os prodígios das profundezas. Mais até do que uma grandeza exilada e bem posta, porque para mim o exílio era sinal de uma persistência nas coisas mais importantes.&#8221;</p>
<hr size="1" noshade="noshade" /><span> <strong>Martin Amis</strong> é escritor inglês e autor de &#8220;Água Pesada&#8221; e &#8220;A Informação&#8221; (ambos pela Companhia  das Letras), entre outros. Este texto foi publicado  originalmente na revista &#8220;The Atlantic Monthly&#8221;.<br />
Tradução de <strong>Samuel Titan Jr.</strong></span></p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/281/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=281&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/saul-bellow-por-martin-amis/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/images/m1502200401.jpg" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>What are birds?</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/what-are-birds/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/what-are-birds/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 24 Jan 2009 18:20:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[internets]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=273</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[

       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=273&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-274" title="pira21012009" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/pira21012009.gif?w=500&#038;h=144" alt="pira21012009" width="500" height="144" /></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-275" title="pira24012009" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/pira24012009.gif?w=500&#038;h=144" alt="pira24012009" width="500" height="144" /><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-277" title="pira230120091" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/pira230120091.gif?w=500&#038;h=144" alt="pira230120091" width="500" height="144" /></p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/273/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=273&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/what-are-birds/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/pira21012009.gif" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">pira21012009</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/pira24012009.gif" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">pira24012009</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/pira230120091.gif" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">pira230120091</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Prog Rock Britannia</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 21:11:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[internets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arthur brown]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bill bruford]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[caravan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[carl palmer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[elp]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[genesis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ian anderson]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jethro tull]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[king crimson]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mike oldfield]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pete sinfield]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[phil collins]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[prog rock]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[progressive rock]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rick wakeman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[robert wyatt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[soft machine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[steve howe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[yes]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Documentary about progressive music and the generation of bands that were involved, from the international success stories of Yes, Genesis, ELP, King Crimson and Jethro Tull to the trials and tribulations of lesser-known bands such as Caravan and Egg.
The film is structured in three parts, charting the birth, rise and decline of a movement famed [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=263&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><blockquote><p>Documentary about progressive music and the generation of bands that were involved, from the international success stories of Yes, Genesis, ELP, King Crimson and Jethro Tull to the trials and tribulations of lesser-known bands such as Caravan and Egg.</p>
<p>The film is structured in three parts, charting the birth, rise and decline of a movement famed for complex musical structures, weird time signatures, technical virtuosity and strange, and quintessentially English, literary influences.</p>
<p>It looks at the psychedelic pop scene that gave birth to progressive rock in the late 1960s, the golden age of progressive music in the early 1970s, complete with drum solos and gatefold record sleeves, and the over-ambition, commercialisation and eventual fall from grace of this rarefied musical experiment at the hands of punk in 1977.</p>
<p>Contributors include Robert Wyatt, Mike Oldfield, Pete Sinfield, Rick Wakeman, Phil Collins, Arthur Brown, Carl Palmer and Ian Anderson.</p></blockquote>
<p>Parts 1, 2, and 3 (90min total) below:</p>
<p><span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/l8T904BrY_k/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span><br />
<span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/-7Xt4D8ANGc/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span><br />
<span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/nh4P-LMfQ8o/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/263/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=263&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/prog-rock-britannia/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/l8T904BrY_k/2.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/-7Xt4D8ANGc/2.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/nh4P-LMfQ8o/2.jpg" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Christmas Man</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/christmas-man/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/christmas-man/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 Dec 2008 23:36:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[internets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[peter serafinowicz]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=258</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[



       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=258&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-257" title="vlcsnap-3053717" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/vlcsnap-3053717.jpg?w=510&#038;h=280" alt="vlcsnap-3053717" width="510" height="280" /></p>
<p><span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/christmas-man/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/Nyk6sXHY9Vg/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></p>
<p><span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/christmas-man/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/S-rLSAaV0T0/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></p>
<p><span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/christmas-man/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/rd55oXIDFPw/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/258/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=258&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/christmas-man/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/vlcsnap-3053717.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">vlcsnap-3053717</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/Nyk6sXHY9Vg/2.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/S-rLSAaV0T0/2.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/rd55oXIDFPw/2.jpg" medium="image" />
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>High-Rise review by Martin Amis, 1975</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/high-rise-review-by-martin-amis-1975/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/high-rise-review-by-martin-amis-1975/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2008 16:07:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ballard]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=223</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[14 November 1975

High-Rise
J G Ballard 
Jonathan Cape £2.95
Reviewed by Martin Amis on New Statesman
Towards the end of Auden and Isherwood&#8217;s The Ascent of F6, Ransom, the Oedipal, megalomaniac hero, is about to scale the last heights of the mountain when he is told that the local demon will be awaiting him on the summit. Ransom [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=223&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>14 November 1975<br />
<strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>High-Rise</strong><br />
J G Ballard <em></em></p>
<p><em>Jonathan Cape £2.95</em><br />
Reviewed by Martin Amis on <a href="http://www.newstatesman.com/199912200080">New Statesman</a></p>
<hr />Towards the end of Auden and Isherwood&#8217;s <em>The Ascent of F6</em>, Ransom, the Oedipal, megalomaniac hero, is about to scale the last heights of the mountain when he is told that the local demon will be awaiting him on the summit. Ransom climbs on alone, and as he reaches the summit unharmed &#8211; his great moment of personal and public triumph &#8211; he sees a small hooded figure on the crest, facing away from him. He approaches the demon, it turns &#8211; and it is his mother. Folding on to the ground, Ransom feels his life begin to drain away, as the demon sings him a tender lullaby which is also his dirge. J G Ballard&#8217;s <em>High-Rise</em> is a harsh and ingenious reworking of the <em>F6 </em>theme, displaced into the steel-and-concrete landscapes of modern urban life.</p>
<p>The high-rise, with its 1,000 overpriced apartments, swimming-pools and shopping concourses, is what Ballard calls &#8220;the vertical city&#8221;, and to begin with its residents observe conventional class and territorial demarcations (&#8220;upper&#8221;, &#8220;lower&#8221; and &#8220;middle&#8221; levels), showing resentment, expediency and disdain for their fellow citizens in much the same way as life is run in the outside world. Soon, though, the enclosed nature of the building has encouraged and intensified these aggressions beyond any clear analogy with external society. After various piracies and beatings-up, the class system within the high-rise deteriorates as readily as the building itself, becoming a filthy warren of violent, apathetic or paranoid enclaves. Drunken gangs storm through the blacked-out corridors; women are found raped and murdered in defused elevators; disposal chutes are clogged with excrement, smashed furniture and half-eaten pets. Eventually the high-rise takes on that quality common to all Ballardian <em>loci: </em>it is suspended, no longer to do with the rest of the planet, screened off by its own surreal logic.</p>
<p>Ballard being Ballard, though, <em>High-Rise</em> is no ordinary stroll down atavism lane. The mental journey undertaken by these colonists of the sky is not a return to &#8220;nature&#8221;; it is a return to the denurtured state of childhood: &#8220;For the first time since we were three years old what we do makes absolutely no difference,&#8221; enthuses one of the affluent anarchists. Ballard&#8217;s stranded characters have always been more than half in love with their lethal and unnerving environments, and the delinquents of the high-rise are soon completely defined by their new psychopathological &#8220;possibilities&#8221;. One of the most ghostly and poignant scenes in the book has a middle-echelon psychiatrist attempting to leave his barricaded slum and return to work at his medical college; he gets as far as the car-park before the shrill clarity of the outdoors sends him running back to the affectless and soupy warmth of the high-rise, satisfied that he will never try to leave it again. In the closing pages, as hauntingly wayward as anything Ballard has written, the retrograde logic of the high-rise is fulfilled, when the passive, derelict women emerge as the final avengers.</p>
<p>I hope no one wastes their time worrying whether <em>High-Rise</em> is prescient, admonitory, sobering and whatnot. For Ballard is neither believable nor unbelievable, just as his characterisation is merely a matter of &#8220;roles&#8221; and his situations merely a matter of &#8220;context&#8221;: he is <em>abstract, </em>at once totally humourless and entirely unserious. The point of his visions is to provide him with imagery, with opportunities to write well and this seems to me to be the only intelligible way of getting the hang of his fiction. The prose of <em>High-Rise</em> may not have the baleful glare of that of <em>Crash </em>or <em>Vermillion Sands</em>, but the book is an intense and vivid beastiary, which lingers unsettlingly in the mind.</p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/223/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=223&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/12/09/high-rise-review-by-martin-amis-1975/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Cover critic (non-Penguin): Richard Yates</title>
		<link>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/cover-critic-non-penguin-richard-yates/</link>
		<comments>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/cover-critic-non-penguin-richard-yates/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:25:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joe</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[literature]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cover]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sdicht.wordpress.com/?p=200</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Somehow it just gives off the wrong vibe&#8230;









       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=200&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Somehow it just gives off the wrong vibe&#8230;</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-202" title="collected" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/414wyjrdkel_ss500_.jpg?w=500&#038;h=500" alt="collected" width="500" height="500" /></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-209" title="41u2azcadfl_ss500_" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41u2azcadfl_ss500_.jpg?w=500&#038;h=500" alt="41u2azcadfl_ss500_" width="500" height="500" /></p>
<p><img src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41qnps01nwl_ss500_.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/51yabpk0wdl_ss500_.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41g9mt4oml_ss500_.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41ctntjdqal_ss500_.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/51hfgwvjcal_ss500_.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-208" title="41vdtcdxjkl_ss500_" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41vdtcdxjkl_ss500_.jpg" alt="41vdtcdxjkl_ss500_" width="500" height="500" /></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-207" title="51d4tosw5sl_ss500_" src="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/51d4tosw5sl_ss500_.jpg" alt="51d4tosw5sl_ss500_" width="500" height="500" /></p>
  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/sdicht.wordpress.com/200/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sdicht.wordpress.com&blog=1345670&post=200&subd=sdicht&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://sdicht.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/cover-critic-non-penguin-richard-yates/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0991ba565d82bbb793c8cc8ac4837b8f?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">partario</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/414wyjrdkel_ss500_.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">collected</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41u2azcadfl_ss500_.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">41u2azcadfl_ss500_</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41qnps01nwl_ss500_.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/51yabpk0wdl_ss500_.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41g9mt4oml_ss500_.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41ctntjdqal_ss500_.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/51hfgwvjcal_ss500_.jpg" medium="image" />

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/41vdtcdxjkl_ss500_.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">41vdtcdxjkl_ss500_</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://sdicht.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/51d4tosw5sl_ss500_.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">51d4tosw5sl_ss500_</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>